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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define anatomy and physiology.
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Anatomy – study of structure-CUTTING UP-GREEK
Physiology – study of function-RELATIONSHIP TO NATURE |
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LIST FIVE REQUIREMENTS OF LIFE OR ORGANISMS.
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WATER, FOOD, OXYGEN, HEAT, PRESSURE.
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Define a cell.
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The structural and functional unit of all living things is the CELL WHICH IS THE SMALLEST LIVING THING DISPLAYING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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List the levels of complexity found in living organisms.
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ATOM, MOLECULE, MACROMOLECULE, ORGANELLE, CELL, TISSUE ORGAN, ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGANISM
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List the eight characteristics of life.
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MOVEMENT, RESPONSIVENESS, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, RESPIRATION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, CIRCULATION, ASSIMILATION, EXCRETION
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What is meant by emergent properties?
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Emergent properties-whole is more than the sum of the parts
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Define metabolism
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Metabolism-Sum of all the chemical activities of the cell
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Includes respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, excretion
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Discuss the two phases OF METABOLISM and what each might result in
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anabolism-LARGER MOLECULES ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM SMALLER ONES REQUIRING THE INPUT OF ENERGY
catabolism-METABOLIC PROCESS THAT BREAKS DOWN LARGER MOLECULES INTO SMALLER ONES. |
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Define irritability or responsiveness.
a.k.a. effectors |
REACTION TO A CHANGE INSIDE OR OUTSIDE THE BODY
examples-muscles or glands |
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List some examples of some stimuli.
a.k.a. receptor |
examples-molecule or a cell
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Define evolution:
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CHANGE IN SPECIES NOT INDIVIDUALS
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Define homeostasis.
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MAINTAIN A STABLE CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AT A CELLULAR LEVEL
CONSTANT INTERNAL STATE |
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Give an example of a homeostatic mechanism
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REGULATES THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SUGAR GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD.- PANCREAS DETERMINES THE SET POINT (GLUCOSE) AND HYPOTHALAMUS (GLUCOGON)
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What is negative feedback?
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BODY MAINTAINS CONSTANT TEMPERATURE THROUGH SWEAT AND EVAPORATION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION BURNING ATP. HEAT TRAPPED IN WATER OF BODY INSULATED BY LIPIDS OR FAT,
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MOST REACTIVE OF ALL
LIKE AN AIR CONDITIONER HOT AND COLD WITH A THERMOSTATE |
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WHAT IS POSITIVE FEEDBACK?
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CHILDBIRTH AND BLOOD CLOTTING
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What is the difference between a parietal membrane and a visceral membrane?
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PARIETAL MEMBRANE LINES THE CAVITY
VISCERAL MEMBRANE LINES THE ORGAN |
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Discuss/draw a typical atom.
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proton, neutrons, surrounded by electron rings
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List the six atoms most commonly found in living organisms.
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
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What is the difference between a bulk and a trace element?
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bulk element - 95% of weight of human body
trace element - small remaining elements required by human body |
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Define: atomic number.
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number of protons
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DEFINE ISOTOPE.
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atoms with same atomic number but different atomic mass
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DEFINE NEUTRAL ATOM.
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??
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All matter is composed of fundamental substances called _________
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ELEMENT
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starts with an E
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DEFINE ATOMIC WEIGHT MATTER.
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number of protons plus number of neutrons
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DEFINE RADIOACTIVITY.
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unstable isotopes
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What is the "octet-rule"?
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takes eight electrons to fill the shells in most of the atoms important to living organisms. (except the first)
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How is it involved in making substances chemically reactive?
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have stable structures and chemicall inert
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If atoms of different elements combine, molecules form compounds. i.e. H20 or water
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COMPOUND
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TWO OR MORE ATOMS COMBINE TO FORM A DISTINCTIVE TYPE OF PARTICALS CALLED ________.
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MOLECULE
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STARTS WITH AN "m"
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ATOMS COMBINE WITH OTHER ATOMS TO FORM LINKS CALLED BONDS. INTERACTIONS OF ELECTRONS RESULT IN _________ BONDS.
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CHEMICAL BOND
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STARTS WITH "C"
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LIST the four major types of chemical bonds found in living organisms. Give an example of each.
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COVALENT BONDS -BOND BETWEEN 2 NONMETALS
HYDROGEN BONDS- -H2O IONIC BOND- BOND BETWEEN TWO IONS PEPTIDE BOND-BETWEEN CARBON AND NITROGEN |
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Know the basics of a chemical equation and be able to read them.
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??
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Illustrate a synthetic reaction,.
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CHEMICAL BONDS FORMED
The reaction when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure. H20 |
A + B ARROW AB
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Illustrate a decomposition reaction,.
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CHEMICAL BOND BROKEN
The reaction when bonds of a reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions. aka molecules of water decompose to yield the products hydrogen and oxygen |
AB ARROW A + B
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Illustrate an exchange reaction.
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CHEMICAL BONDS ARE BROKEN AND FORMED
The reaction proceeds in one direction or another depends upon the relative proportions of reactant and product and amount of energy available. |
AB + CD ARROW AD + CB
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WHAT ARE DEFINED ELECTROLYTES THAT DISSOCIATE TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS IN WATER . PROTON DONOR
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ACIDS
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WHAT ARE SUBSTANCES THAT COMBINE WITH HYDROGEN IONS
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BASES
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NaOH arrow Na+ + OH
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WHAT ARE SUBSTANCES THAT REACT WITH ACIDS TO NEUTRALIZE THEM, FORMING WATER AND ELECTROLYTES.
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SALT
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HCl + NaOH arrow H2O + NaCl
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WHAT ARE SUBSTANCES THAT RELEASE IONS IN WATER?
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ELECTROLYTE
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WHAT DO YOU CALL CHEMICALS THAT RESIST PH CHANGE? OR MAINTAIN CONSTANT PH?
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BUFFER
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Discuss the pH scale-ACIDS
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6 OR LESS PH SCALE
SOUR |
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What is an organic substance?
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE CARBONS AND HYDROGEN.
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What is an inorganic substance?
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EXCEPT HYDROGEN AND CARBON.
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Name the most important inorganic substances in the human body
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WATER , OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND INORGANIC SALTS.
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List some of the major functions of water.
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MOST ABUNDANT SUBSTANCE IN BODY
REQUIRED FOR METABOLIC PROCESS REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE |
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Name the biological molecules found in the human body
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CARBOHYDRATES???
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF CATABOLISM WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS?
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hydrolysis
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Define polymer and monomer or subunits
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What elements compose carbohydrates?Give examples of carbohydrates
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ATOMS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
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C6H12O6 GLUCOSE OR C12 H22 O11 SUCROSE
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. Be able to recognize glucose. Name the building blocks and illustrate how two are joined to form a disaccharide
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C6 and H12 and O6 GLUCOSE
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Name the major monosaccharides
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FIVE CARBON SUGARS RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE,
SIX CARBON SUGARS GLUCOSE, DEXTROSE, FRUCTOSE, GLACTOSE |
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List the major disaccharides and know what monosaccharides compose each.
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SUCROSE AND LACTOSE
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Discuss the major polysaccharides.
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CELLULOSE AND PLANT STARCH
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Give the major functions of carbohydrates in the cell.
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PROVIDE ENERGY AND RESERVES ENERGY SUPPLIES
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What elements compose lipids.
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FATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND STERIODS
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Give some examples of lipids.
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GLYCEROL,
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Recognize/draw the building blocks of the fats of oils and show how they are linked. Name the molecule formed.
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BUILDING BLOCKS ARE FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL.
MOLECULE SATURATED FATTY ACID. |
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What is a saturated fatty acid and how do
es it compare with an unsaturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid. How are they related to your health? |
SATURATED AND SOLID/ANIMAL ORIGIN
UNSATURATED AND LIQUID AND PLANT ORIGIN FAT MOLECULES THAT HAVE ONLY SATURATED FATTY ACIDS |
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What is the main function of triglycerides in the body.
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HAVE DIFFERENT LENGTHS AND DEGREES OF SATURATION MAKING THE FAT DIVERSE.
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Illustrate/recognize a phospholipid.
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Discuss what is meant by its hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
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Discuss how phospholipids orient in a membrane.
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triglycerides-glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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How is a phospholipid involved in emulsification?
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What is the major function of phospholipids in the body?
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energy storage, protection, warmth
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Draw/recognized the general structure of a steroid. Give some examples.
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List the elements which compose proteins. Name
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AMINO ACIDS BUILDING BLOCKS AND JOINED BY PEPTIDE BONDS
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Name and recognize/draw a building block and show how two are joined to form a dipeptide. Name the bond formed
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PEPTIDE- DIPEPTIDE- POLYPETIDE PROTEIN
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Define: peptide,
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Draw/recognized the general structure of a steroid. Give some examples.
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DEFINE polypeptide
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List the elements which compose proteins. Name
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Name and recognize/draw a building block and show how two are joined to form a dipeptide. Name the bond formed
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Define: peptide,
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DEFINE polypeptide
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DEFINE protein.
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PROTEINS- Discuss the four levels of structure found in proteins
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PRIMARY SIMPLE
SECONDARY CURLY COILS TERTIARY ALL SWIRLED AND TURMNED INTO ONE ANOTHER COMPLICATED QUARTERARY MULTIPLE MOLECULES(4) WITH IRON IN THE MIDDLE-HEMOGLOBIN IS EXAMPLE |
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What is meant by denaturation?
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List the functions of proteins in cells.
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BUILD BLOCKS OF CELLS , SOME ARE AMINO ACIDS STRENGTHEN BONDS PEPTIDES
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Discuss enzymes briefly.
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Give examples of nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES, SUGAR PHOSPHATE AND BASE
G AND A C AND T |
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What is the function of DNA in the cell?
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Describe a nucleotide.
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Discuss the Watson Crick model of DNA.
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How does DNA differ from RNA?
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Define a cell.
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures: nuclear membrane
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures:, nuclear pores
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures:nucleolus,
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures:nucleoplasm.
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures: CHROMATIN
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Define/describe the following nuclear structures chromosomes.:
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What is the cytoplasm and what are cytoplasmic organelles
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Discuss the following, give structure and function for each: ribosome
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Discuss the following, give structure and function for each: THE ENDOMEMBRANE (ER, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisomes and vacuoles);
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Discuss the following, give structure and function for eachenergy related organelles (mitochondria):
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Discuss the following, give structure and function for each: cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments);
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Discuss the following, give structure and function for each: cell movement (cilia, and flagella).
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Draw/describe/discuss the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
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No visible movement with or against risistance. Dynamically stabilizes force.
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Isometric Muscle Action
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WHAT BOND SHARES ELECTRONS OR SHARING BOND BETWEEN 2 NONMETALS.
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COVALENT BONDS
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WHAT TYPE OF BOND OCCURS WHEN HYDROGENS SHARE A PAIR OF ELECTRONS OR POSITIVE HYDROGEN ATTRACTED TO A POLAR MOLECULE TO A NEGATIVE NITROGEN OR OXYGEN AT THE OTHER END OF THE POLAR MOLECULE -H2O<BR>IONIC BOND-BOND BETWEEN TWO IONS WITH OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT<BR>PEPTIDE BOND-LINKS AMINO ACIDS-BETWEEN CARBON AND NITROGEN
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HYDROGEN BONDS
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STARTS WITH H
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WHAT TYPE OF BOND OCCURS BETWEEN TWO IONS WITH OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT
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IONIC BOND
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STARTS WITH I
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WHAT TYPE OF BOND LINKS AMINO ACIDS-BETWEEN CARBON AND NITROGEN
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PEPTIDE BOND
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STARTS WITH P
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WHAT JOINS SIMPLE SUGAR MOLECULES (MONOSACCHARIDES) TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES OF GLYCOGEN?
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dehydration synthesis
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NAME TWO PHASES OF METABOLISM.
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ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM
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GROWTH
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INCREASE IN BODY SIZE WITHOUT CHANGE IN SHAPE
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MOVEMENT
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CHANGE IN POSITION OF THE BODY OR A BODY PART; MOTION OF AN INTERNAL ORGAN
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SALTS
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FORMED BY THE REACTION BETWEEN AN ACID AND A BASE
METALS AND NONMETALS |
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BASES
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SUBSTANCE THAT RELEASE IONS THAT CAN COMBINE WITH HYDROGEN IONS
8 OR HIGHER PH SCALE BITTER PROTON ACCEPTOR |
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CARBOHYDRATES
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HYDROLYSIS
SUGARS, STARCH, CELLULOSE (PLANTS) GLYCOGEN (ANIMALS), ENERGY |
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DISACCHARIDES
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MALTOSE, SUCROSE, LACTOS
JOINED BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS |
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POLYSACCHARIDES
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STARCH (PLANT), GLYCOGEN
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