• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/128

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

128 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anatomy
Anatomy is:

Parts of the body and how they are located to one another
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy:

Large parts - visible to the eye
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy

Includes: Histology; anatomy of tissues and Cystology: anatomy of cells
Physiology
Physiology:

How structures work individually and together.
Systemic physiology
Systemic physiology:

of the entire body
Pathological physiology
Pathological physiology:

how disease works on the body
Levels of organization are?
Levels of organization are?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organismal
Chemical level consists of?
Chemical level consists of?:

molecules, atoms, ions and buffer systems
Cellular level consists of?
Cellular level consists of?


groups of chemicals
Tissue level consists of?
Tissue level consists of?

groups of cells with a common function
Organ systems consist of ?
Organ systems consist of ?

11 groups of organs
Organismal systems consist of?
Organismal systems consist of?

sum total of all structural levels working together
Differentiation
Differentiation:

during developmental stage the cells specialize
4 Types of Stem Cells
4 Types of Stem Cells

- totipotent
- pluripotent
- multipotent
- unipotent
Totipotent stem cells are?
Totipotent stem cells are?

any cell can form all needed structures to produce a new human.
-any one cell can produce placenta and fetus
Pluripotent stem cells are?
Pluripotent stem cells are?

1st set of specialization
-at this point cells differentiate
Multipotent stem cells are?
Multipotent stem cells are?

these form all of 1 type of cells.
-i.e. 4 types of tissue cells
Muscle
Epithelium
Connective
Nervous
Unipotent stem cells are?
Unipotent stem cells are?

These can only make PRIMARY copy of specific cell and nothing else.
-here cells differentiate down to a point and then keep making copies
-i.e. spermatgonium(sperm)
Homeostasis
Homeostasis

Maintaining the "status quo"
-the body's response to changing environmental conditions
-i.e. temperature of the body
What is intrinsic regulation?
What is intrinsic regulation?

regulation of homeostasis at the site (cell, organ, tissue)
What is Extrinsic?
What is Extrinsic?

regulation of homeostasis by 2 other systems.
-nervous control
-endocrine control
How does nervous control work?
How does nervous control work?


overrides intrinsic regulation, happens very fast, local, generally for a short period of time.
How does endocrine control work?
How does endocrine control work?


done with production of hormones, not as fast, not local but SYSTEMIC, occurs for longer periods of time.
What are the three parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?
What are the three parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?

1. receptors
2. control center
3. effectors
What does the receptor do?
What does the receptor do?

senses the environment conditions & sends signal to a "control center"
What does the control center do?
What does the control center do?

receives the signal interprets & integrates it with others & issues a command
What does the effector do?
What does the effector do?

reacts to the control centers commands
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
What is a negative feedback mechanism?

Almost everything is in opposition. The command issued by the "control center" is in opposition to the receptors signal.
i.e. cold -- shiver --- warm or
hot --- sweat -- cool
What is a positive feedback mechanism?
What is a positive feedback mechanism?

Command issued by the control center ACCELERATES or ENHANCES the receptors sensed condition.
i.e. blood clotting, or cervical dialation
Name the 11 organ systems
Name the 11 organ systems

Muscular - movement
Nervous - control of senses
Endocrine - hormone control
Urinary - removal of metabolic waste
Integumentary -skin
Cardiovascular - blood & blood movement
Skeletal - support
Digestive - breakdown & absorption of nutrients
Lymphatic - immune functions
Respiratory - gas exchange
Reproductive - making new people
What are inorganic compounds?
What are inorganic compounds?

Things that do not contain carbon carbon bonds
Define nutrients
Define nutrients:


Things we take in
What is a metabolite?
What is a metabolite?

any molecule produced by metabolism
Give examples of Inorganic compounds
Give examples of Inorganic compounds

Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Carbonic acid
What are the properties of water?
What are the properties of water?

most important inorganic part of the body, up to 65% of body weight is water.
What is solubility?
What is solubility?

Solubility is the ability to dissolve in a solution
Water soluble means?
can dissolve in water
What does fat soluble mean?
What does fat soluble mean?

can be dissolved in fat
A solution is?
A solution is?:


The solvent and solute together
A Solvent is ?
A Solvent is?

The part of the solution that is in the highest concentration
A solute is?
A solute is?

The part of the solution in a lesser concentration
What is reactivity?
What is reactivity?


all of the body's chemical reaction occur in water
What is high specific heat?
What is high specific heat?


water cools down or heats up very slowly
What is lubrication in the body?
What is lubrication in the body?

The body contains fluid filled sacs (bursa) these prevent friction and prevent pain
Osmosis
The movement of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a cell membrane
Define tonicity.
Define tonicity:

how a solution affects a cell placed into the solution.
Define isotonic
Define isotonic:

the solution has the same ratio's on the inside and outside
Define hypotonic
Define hypotonic:

lower salt concentration
Define hypertonic
Define hypertonic

higher water concentration
What are concentration gradients?
What are concentration gradients?


unequal amounts on each side of the cell membrane
What is simple diffusion?
What is simple diffusion?

movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
no ATP or Protein needed
What is facilitated diffusion?
What is facilitated diffusion?


movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
no ATP needed, but PROTEIN REQUIRED
What is active transport?
What is active transport?

movement from a LOWER concentration to a HIGHER concentration; both ATP and PROTEIN required.
Is an Ion Pump an active transport?
Is an Ion Pump an active transport?

YES
What is an Ion Pump?
What is an Ion Pump?

pumps a protein that moves ions(charged particles)
-normally this is to maintain a concentration gradient.
What is resting potential?
What is resting potential?

slightly more neg (-) particles inside the cell than outside the cell.
What are leakage channels?
What are leakage channels?

small pores that allow leakage in a cell membrane up to a point then it would become equalized.
What is a sodium-potassium pump?
This is one of the best examples of an ion pump.
sodium ions (Na+) are in in cells and low outside due to diffusion, Na+leak into the cell while K+ leak out. Homeostasis requires that this leakage be neutralized so the K+, Na+ pump accomplishes this.
What does antiporter mean?
What does antiporter mean?


the ion pump maintains a condition from leakage called the antiporter. This pumps 3 out and 2 in.
What is a secondary active transport?
What is a secondary active transport?

Occurs when a molecule with a high chemical gradient pressure moves into a cell through a carrier protein and carries a 2nd molecule that doesn't have a chemical gradient. i.e. glucose being pumped along with the Na+ & K+ through chemical gradient. (this is attracted by shape)
-single ATP powered pump such as Na+ K+ pump can indirectly drive the secondary pump.
-no direct ATP
-uses pressure to move other items through the cell
What does pH mean?
What does pH mean?:

The power of hydrogen
-pH is multiplicative not additive.
Define Acid
Define Acid:

any molecule that gives off H+ ions.
-i.e. HCl to H+ Cl-
Define Base
Define Base:

any molecule giving off OH- (hydroxide) ions
-i.e. NaOH to Na+ + OH-
any molecule that absorbs H+ ions
What is a buffer?
What is a buffer?

a molecule that can either add (produce) H+ ions or get rid of (remove) acids in a system depending on conditions.
ACID + BASE =SALT & H2O
i.e. H2OCO3 to H+ + HCO3 to HCO3 to H2CO3 to H2O + CO2
What is a Salt?
What is a Salt?

ACID + BASE = SALT & H2O
-an anion from an acid combined with a cation from a base.
Define Vesicle
Define Vesicle

membrane enclosed sac
Define Exocytosis
Define Exocytosis

removal of substances from cell through cell membrane by binding with a V-snare to a T-snare.
Define Pinocytosis
Define Pinocytosis


"cell drinking"
fluid phase of endocytosis
-extra cellular fluid brought into a cell
- process is non-specific
Define Endocytosis
Define Endocytosis:

Taking things into the cell "Cell Eating"
Name the three types of endocytosis
Name the three types of endocytosis

1. transcytosis- movement through a cell
2. phagocytosis- "cell eating'
3. receptor mediated endocytosis- binds by specific receptor (molecule needs correct shape receptor to be brought into a cell)
i.e. aids virus
Define cytoskeleton
Define cytoskeleton:

functions as cell's skeleton, gives flexibility and strength to the cell
What are the three types of fibers of cytoskeleton?
What are the three types of fibers of cytoskeleton?

1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubles
What is a microfilament?
What is a microfilament?

-composed of a protein called Actin
-constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed. (not permanent)
-makes up the "terminal web", helps maintain shape
-it is fragile
What is an intermediate filament?
What is an intermediate filament?


-permanent
-stable
-insoluble protein fiber
i.e. desmesomes "spot welds"
What is a microtubles?
What is a microtubles?

Hollow tubes of spherical protein
-anchors organelle
-not permanent
-constantly being reformed
-allows for transport of vesicles in the cell
i.e. form spindle fibers in cell division
What is a centrosome (centrioles)?
What is a centrosome (centrioles)?

essential for cell division
-organelle that produces spindle fibers during cell division
-formed from microtubules
What is a protesome?
What is a protesome?


sacs that contain enzymes that break down proteins
What is transmembrane potential?
What is transmembrane potential?

resting potential in undisturbed cells
-resting potential and concentration gradient are virtually the same thing
What is electric chemical gradient?
What is electric chemical gradient?

pressure across cell membrane due to unequal ion concentrations on either side of cell membrane.
What are carriers?
What are carriers?

These are trans-membrane integral proteins that show specificity for molecules of certain polar substances.
Give an example of a carrier?
Give an example of a carrier?

in the sodium potassium pump, the proteins through the cell carry only specific things in a specific direction.
What is a channel?
What is a channel?

a protein passing through a cell membrane of a certain diameter and charge.
What is CAM?
What is CAM?


cell adhesion molecules
-hold adjacent cells together
-allows mobile cells to pass membrane over other cells
-gives movement control
What are membrane receptors?
What are membrane receptors?

allow for different types of signaling.
What are three types of membrane receptors?
What are three types of membrane receptors?

1. contact signaling; blood cell touches another & signals to read the receptor.
2. chemical signaling; chemical release will have some sort of signal to create change withing the cell.
3. electrical signaling; opening or closing in response to charges on the cell membrane.
Define tissues.
Define tissues.

groups of cells with a common function
How many cells are in the body?
How many cells are in the body?

~~70 trillion, depends on size
~~ 200 different types (not many)
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?


Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
Define Epithelial tissue.
Define Epithelial tissue.

epithelial; layers of cells that cover external and internal surfaces and glands.
What is the character of Epithelial tissue?
What is the character of Epithelial tissue?

Cells; made up mostly of cells with little extracellular material, generally made up of few types- somewhat specialized.
Polarity; difference in polarity from top to bottom.
Lamina; all epithelial are connected by BASEMENT MEMBRANE and BASIL LAMINA
What are the 2 basic layers of lamina?
What are the 2 basic layers of lamina?


1. Lamina Lucida; clear layer, secreted by epithelial cells, consists of thick jelly and relatively thin fibers.
2. Lamina Densa; secreted from underlying cells, has thicker fibers.
Other characteristics of Epithelial blood vessels and type of cell.
Other characteristics of Epithelial blood vessels and type of cell.

Blood vessels & nerves: no blood vessels, but lots of nerves, exchange is by simple diffusion
Stem cells: located at the bottom, unipotient stemcells, constantly in action.
Name 4 functions of Epithelial tissue.
Name 4 functions of Epithelial tissue.

1. protection; against everything, 1st line of defense
2. permeability; regulation of what can pass through
3. Secretion; i.e. sweat and oil
4. senses; sensing touch, smell etc.
Apical Surface of Epithelial tissue is?
Apical Surface of Epithelial tissue is?

the top surface
The Basil surface of epithelial is?
The Basil surface of epithelial is?

the bottom surface
What is microvilli?
What is microvilli?


Projection off of apical surfaces. this increases surface area, which increases absorption by 20X
Where can microvilli be found?
Where can microvilli be found?

Small intestine; to absorb nutrients
Proximal convoluted tubules; kidneys
What is Cilia?
What is Cilia?

hairlike structures much larger than microvilli
This is for movement; i.e. flagella
What are intracellular connections?
What are intracellular connections?

connections which allow passage of material through cell wall
What are tight junctions?
What are tight junctions?

interlaced proteins that prevent the movement of material between cells
What is a Gap Junction?
What is a Gap Junction?


(connexon); connection of a pore between cells that allow movement of materials
What is Desmosome?
What is Desmosome?


"spot weld"; interlaced protein to give strength to adjacent cells.
There are two types.
What are the two types of Desmsomes?
What are the two types of Desmsomes?

1. Button; connect lateral serfaces
2. Hemidesmosomes; connect to basement membrane at lumina densa
What is glandular Epithelia?
What is glandular Epithelia?

Glands are epithelial cells or structures derived from epithelial cells that secrete something.
What does the Exocrine gland do?
What does the Exocrine gland do?

-secretes materials through a duct.
What does/is the Endocrine gland do?
What does/is the Endocrine gland do?


during development the endocrine gland secretions are directly into the surrounding interstitial (between) fluid then to the blood.
i.e. Hormones, this is a chemical signaling.
Exocrine glands (duct glands) are classified in several ways. Name them.
Exocrine glands (duct glands) are classified in several ways. Name them.

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
What are merocrine glands?
What are merocrine glands?

secretion by vesicles, there is no damage to the cell
i.e. Sweat glands
What are apocrine glands?
What are apocrine glands?

secretion includes part of the cell that made the "stuff"
-as substance is secreted so is part of the cell
-the cell is damaged during this process and must rebuild. i.e. breast milk
What are holocrine glands?
What are holocrine glands?

The cell bursts (it is killed) when secretion is released.
i.e. sebasous glands (oil glands)
Name the different types of secretions.
Name the different types of secretions.


serous glands
mucos glands
mixed glands
What does/is the serous gland do?
What does/is the serous gland do?

-thin and watery substance
-single membrane that wraps on outside of the organ
-prevents friction and gives lubrication
What does/is the mucos gland?
What does/is the mucos gland?

-secretes mucin(mucus)
-much thicker secretion than serous
-moved by celia
What does/is a mixed gland?
What does/is a mixed gland?

this does what the serous gland and mucos gland does.
Define connective tissue.
Define connective tissue.

this composes the bulk of the body including attachments to epithelial tissue, storage, immunity, transport, and structure.

All connective tissues have three types of cells
What are the three types of connective tissue?
What are the three types of connective tissue?

1. specialized cells
2.extracellular protein fibers
3. ground substance
Describe specialized cells of connective tissue.
Describe specialized cells of connective tissue.

often many different types.
i.e. blood
Describe extracellular protein fiber cells of connective tissue
Describe extracellular protein fiber cells of connective tissue


(in blood) fibrinogen- inactive form of fibrin
What is "ground substance"?
What is "ground substance"?


cells have production of a liquid gel. This ground substance together with a protein forms the matrix
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

loose CT
dense CT
Describe loose CT.
Describe loose CT.

1. areolar CT
2. adipose tissue
3. reticular tissue
Describe dense CT.
Describe dense CT.

1. tendons
2. ligaments
3. aponeurosis
What are the types of cells in CT proper?
What are the types of cells in CT proper?

1. fibroblasts
2 macrophages
3. adipocytes
4. mesenchyme
What is a fibroblast?
What is a fibroblast?

will see in all types of connective tissue.
What is microphage?
What is microphage?

immune system cells that attack and destroy other cells
What is adipocytes?
What is adipocytes?

fat cells
-white fat- long term energy storage
-brown fat- contains mitochondria -uses to warm blood
What are mesenchyme cells?
What are mesenchyme cells?

multipotent stem cells - can form any of the connective tissues.
What are Mast cells?
What are Mast cells?


body basophils
-granular; contain histamine and heparin.
-cause inflammatory response