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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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Anatomy is:
Parts of the body and how they are located to one another |
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Gross Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy:
Large parts - visible to the eye |
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Microscopic Anatomy
Includes: Histology; anatomy of tissues and Cystology: anatomy of cells |
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Physiology
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Physiology:
How structures work individually and together. |
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Systemic physiology
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Systemic physiology:
of the entire body |
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Pathological physiology
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Pathological physiology:
how disease works on the body |
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Levels of organization are?
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Levels of organization are?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organismal |
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Chemical level consists of?
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Chemical level consists of?:
molecules, atoms, ions and buffer systems |
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Cellular level consists of?
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Cellular level consists of?
groups of chemicals |
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Tissue level consists of?
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Tissue level consists of?
groups of cells with a common function |
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Organ systems consist of ?
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Organ systems consist of ?
11 groups of organs |
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Organismal systems consist of?
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Organismal systems consist of?
sum total of all structural levels working together |
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Differentiation
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Differentiation:
during developmental stage the cells specialize |
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4 Types of Stem Cells
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4 Types of Stem Cells
- totipotent - pluripotent - multipotent - unipotent |
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Totipotent stem cells are?
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Totipotent stem cells are?
any cell can form all needed structures to produce a new human. -any one cell can produce placenta and fetus |
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Pluripotent stem cells are?
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Pluripotent stem cells are?
1st set of specialization -at this point cells differentiate |
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Multipotent stem cells are?
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Multipotent stem cells are?
these form all of 1 type of cells. -i.e. 4 types of tissue cells Muscle Epithelium Connective Nervous |
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Unipotent stem cells are?
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Unipotent stem cells are?
These can only make PRIMARY copy of specific cell and nothing else. -here cells differentiate down to a point and then keep making copies -i.e. spermatgonium(sperm) |
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis
Maintaining the "status quo" -the body's response to changing environmental conditions -i.e. temperature of the body |
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What is intrinsic regulation?
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What is intrinsic regulation?
regulation of homeostasis at the site (cell, organ, tissue) |
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What is Extrinsic?
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What is Extrinsic?
regulation of homeostasis by 2 other systems. -nervous control -endocrine control |
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How does nervous control work?
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How does nervous control work?
overrides intrinsic regulation, happens very fast, local, generally for a short period of time. |
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How does endocrine control work?
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How does endocrine control work?
done with production of hormones, not as fast, not local but SYSTEMIC, occurs for longer periods of time. |
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What are the three parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?
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What are the three parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?
1. receptors 2. control center 3. effectors |
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What does the receptor do?
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What does the receptor do?
senses the environment conditions & sends signal to a "control center" |
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What does the control center do?
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What does the control center do?
receives the signal interprets & integrates it with others & issues a command |
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What does the effector do?
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What does the effector do?
reacts to the control centers commands |
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What is a negative feedback mechanism?
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What is a negative feedback mechanism?
Almost everything is in opposition. The command issued by the "control center" is in opposition to the receptors signal. i.e. cold -- shiver --- warm or hot --- sweat -- cool |
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What is a positive feedback mechanism?
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What is a positive feedback mechanism?
Command issued by the control center ACCELERATES or ENHANCES the receptors sensed condition. i.e. blood clotting, or cervical dialation |
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Name the 11 organ systems
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Name the 11 organ systems
Muscular - movement Nervous - control of senses Endocrine - hormone control Urinary - removal of metabolic waste Integumentary -skin Cardiovascular - blood & blood movement Skeletal - support Digestive - breakdown & absorption of nutrients Lymphatic - immune functions Respiratory - gas exchange Reproductive - making new people |
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What are inorganic compounds?
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What are inorganic compounds?
Things that do not contain carbon carbon bonds |
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Define nutrients
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Define nutrients:
Things we take in |
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What is a metabolite?
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What is a metabolite?
any molecule produced by metabolism |
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Give examples of Inorganic compounds
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Give examples of Inorganic compounds
Water Carbon dioxide Oxygen Carbonic acid |
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What are the properties of water?
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What are the properties of water?
most important inorganic part of the body, up to 65% of body weight is water. |
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What is solubility?
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What is solubility?
Solubility is the ability to dissolve in a solution |
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Water soluble means?
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can dissolve in water
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What does fat soluble mean?
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What does fat soluble mean?
can be dissolved in fat |
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A solution is?
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A solution is?:
The solvent and solute together |
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A Solvent is ?
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A Solvent is?
The part of the solution that is in the highest concentration |
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A solute is?
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A solute is?
The part of the solution in a lesser concentration |
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What is reactivity?
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What is reactivity?
all of the body's chemical reaction occur in water |
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What is high specific heat?
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What is high specific heat?
water cools down or heats up very slowly |
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What is lubrication in the body?
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What is lubrication in the body?
The body contains fluid filled sacs (bursa) these prevent friction and prevent pain |
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Osmosis
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The movement of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a cell membrane
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Define tonicity.
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Define tonicity:
how a solution affects a cell placed into the solution. |
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Define isotonic
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Define isotonic:
the solution has the same ratio's on the inside and outside |
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Define hypotonic
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Define hypotonic:
lower salt concentration |
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Define hypertonic
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Define hypertonic
higher water concentration |
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What are concentration gradients?
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What are concentration gradients?
unequal amounts on each side of the cell membrane |
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What is simple diffusion?
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What is simple diffusion?
movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration no ATP or Protein needed |
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration no ATP needed, but PROTEIN REQUIRED |
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What is active transport?
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What is active transport?
movement from a LOWER concentration to a HIGHER concentration; both ATP and PROTEIN required. |
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Is an Ion Pump an active transport?
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Is an Ion Pump an active transport?
YES |
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What is an Ion Pump?
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What is an Ion Pump?
pumps a protein that moves ions(charged particles) -normally this is to maintain a concentration gradient. |
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What is resting potential?
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What is resting potential?
slightly more neg (-) particles inside the cell than outside the cell. |
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What are leakage channels?
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What are leakage channels?
small pores that allow leakage in a cell membrane up to a point then it would become equalized. |
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What is a sodium-potassium pump?
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This is one of the best examples of an ion pump.
sodium ions (Na+) are in in cells and low outside due to diffusion, Na+leak into the cell while K+ leak out. Homeostasis requires that this leakage be neutralized so the K+, Na+ pump accomplishes this. |
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What does antiporter mean?
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What does antiporter mean?
the ion pump maintains a condition from leakage called the antiporter. This pumps 3 out and 2 in. |
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What is a secondary active transport?
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What is a secondary active transport?
Occurs when a molecule with a high chemical gradient pressure moves into a cell through a carrier protein and carries a 2nd molecule that doesn't have a chemical gradient. i.e. glucose being pumped along with the Na+ & K+ through chemical gradient. (this is attracted by shape) -single ATP powered pump such as Na+ K+ pump can indirectly drive the secondary pump. -no direct ATP -uses pressure to move other items through the cell |
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What does pH mean?
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What does pH mean?:
The power of hydrogen -pH is multiplicative not additive. |
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Define Acid
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Define Acid:
any molecule that gives off H+ ions. -i.e. HCl to H+ Cl- |
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Define Base
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Define Base:
any molecule giving off OH- (hydroxide) ions -i.e. NaOH to Na+ + OH- any molecule that absorbs H+ ions |
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What is a buffer?
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What is a buffer?
a molecule that can either add (produce) H+ ions or get rid of (remove) acids in a system depending on conditions. ACID + BASE =SALT & H2O i.e. H2OCO3 to H+ + HCO3 to HCO3 to H2CO3 to H2O + CO2 |
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What is a Salt?
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What is a Salt?
ACID + BASE = SALT & H2O -an anion from an acid combined with a cation from a base. |
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Define Vesicle
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Define Vesicle
membrane enclosed sac |
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Define Exocytosis
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Define Exocytosis
removal of substances from cell through cell membrane by binding with a V-snare to a T-snare. |
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Define Pinocytosis
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Define Pinocytosis
"cell drinking" fluid phase of endocytosis -extra cellular fluid brought into a cell - process is non-specific |
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Define Endocytosis
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Define Endocytosis:
Taking things into the cell "Cell Eating" |
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Name the three types of endocytosis
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Name the three types of endocytosis
1. transcytosis- movement through a cell 2. phagocytosis- "cell eating' 3. receptor mediated endocytosis- binds by specific receptor (molecule needs correct shape receptor to be brought into a cell) i.e. aids virus |
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Define cytoskeleton
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Define cytoskeleton:
functions as cell's skeleton, gives flexibility and strength to the cell |
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What are the three types of fibers of cytoskeleton?
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What are the three types of fibers of cytoskeleton?
1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubles |
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What is a microfilament?
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What is a microfilament?
-composed of a protein called Actin -constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed. (not permanent) -makes up the "terminal web", helps maintain shape -it is fragile |
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What is an intermediate filament?
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What is an intermediate filament?
-permanent -stable -insoluble protein fiber i.e. desmesomes "spot welds" |
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What is a microtubles?
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What is a microtubles?
Hollow tubes of spherical protein -anchors organelle -not permanent -constantly being reformed -allows for transport of vesicles in the cell i.e. form spindle fibers in cell division |
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What is a centrosome (centrioles)?
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What is a centrosome (centrioles)?
essential for cell division -organelle that produces spindle fibers during cell division -formed from microtubules |
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What is a protesome?
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What is a protesome?
sacs that contain enzymes that break down proteins |
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What is transmembrane potential?
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What is transmembrane potential?
resting potential in undisturbed cells -resting potential and concentration gradient are virtually the same thing |
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What is electric chemical gradient?
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What is electric chemical gradient?
pressure across cell membrane due to unequal ion concentrations on either side of cell membrane. |
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What are carriers?
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What are carriers?
These are trans-membrane integral proteins that show specificity for molecules of certain polar substances. |
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Give an example of a carrier?
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Give an example of a carrier?
in the sodium potassium pump, the proteins through the cell carry only specific things in a specific direction. |
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What is a channel?
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What is a channel?
a protein passing through a cell membrane of a certain diameter and charge. |
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What is CAM?
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What is CAM?
cell adhesion molecules -hold adjacent cells together -allows mobile cells to pass membrane over other cells -gives movement control |
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What are membrane receptors?
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What are membrane receptors?
allow for different types of signaling. |
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What are three types of membrane receptors?
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What are three types of membrane receptors?
1. contact signaling; blood cell touches another & signals to read the receptor. 2. chemical signaling; chemical release will have some sort of signal to create change withing the cell. 3. electrical signaling; opening or closing in response to charges on the cell membrane. |
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Define tissues.
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Define tissues.
groups of cells with a common function |
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How many cells are in the body?
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How many cells are in the body?
~~70 trillion, depends on size ~~ 200 different types (not many) |
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What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
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What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle |
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Define Epithelial tissue.
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Define Epithelial tissue.
epithelial; layers of cells that cover external and internal surfaces and glands. |
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What is the character of Epithelial tissue?
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What is the character of Epithelial tissue?
Cells; made up mostly of cells with little extracellular material, generally made up of few types- somewhat specialized. Polarity; difference in polarity from top to bottom. Lamina; all epithelial are connected by BASEMENT MEMBRANE and BASIL LAMINA |
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What are the 2 basic layers of lamina?
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What are the 2 basic layers of lamina?
1. Lamina Lucida; clear layer, secreted by epithelial cells, consists of thick jelly and relatively thin fibers. 2. Lamina Densa; secreted from underlying cells, has thicker fibers. |
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Other characteristics of Epithelial blood vessels and type of cell.
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Other characteristics of Epithelial blood vessels and type of cell.
Blood vessels & nerves: no blood vessels, but lots of nerves, exchange is by simple diffusion Stem cells: located at the bottom, unipotient stemcells, constantly in action. |
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Name 4 functions of Epithelial tissue.
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Name 4 functions of Epithelial tissue.
1. protection; against everything, 1st line of defense 2. permeability; regulation of what can pass through 3. Secretion; i.e. sweat and oil 4. senses; sensing touch, smell etc. |
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Apical Surface of Epithelial tissue is?
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Apical Surface of Epithelial tissue is?
the top surface |
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The Basil surface of epithelial is?
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The Basil surface of epithelial is?
the bottom surface |
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What is microvilli?
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What is microvilli?
Projection off of apical surfaces. this increases surface area, which increases absorption by 20X |
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Where can microvilli be found?
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Where can microvilli be found?
Small intestine; to absorb nutrients Proximal convoluted tubules; kidneys |
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What is Cilia?
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What is Cilia?
hairlike structures much larger than microvilli This is for movement; i.e. flagella |
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What are intracellular connections?
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What are intracellular connections?
connections which allow passage of material through cell wall |
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What are tight junctions?
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What are tight junctions?
interlaced proteins that prevent the movement of material between cells |
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What is a Gap Junction?
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What is a Gap Junction?
(connexon); connection of a pore between cells that allow movement of materials |
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What is Desmosome?
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What is Desmosome?
"spot weld"; interlaced protein to give strength to adjacent cells. There are two types. |
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What are the two types of Desmsomes?
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What are the two types of Desmsomes?
1. Button; connect lateral serfaces 2. Hemidesmosomes; connect to basement membrane at lumina densa |
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What is glandular Epithelia?
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What is glandular Epithelia?
Glands are epithelial cells or structures derived from epithelial cells that secrete something. |
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What does the Exocrine gland do?
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What does the Exocrine gland do?
-secretes materials through a duct. |
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What does/is the Endocrine gland do?
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What does/is the Endocrine gland do?
during development the endocrine gland secretions are directly into the surrounding interstitial (between) fluid then to the blood. i.e. Hormones, this is a chemical signaling. |
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Exocrine glands (duct glands) are classified in several ways. Name them.
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Exocrine glands (duct glands) are classified in several ways. Name them.
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine |
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What are merocrine glands?
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What are merocrine glands?
secretion by vesicles, there is no damage to the cell i.e. Sweat glands |
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What are apocrine glands?
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What are apocrine glands?
secretion includes part of the cell that made the "stuff" -as substance is secreted so is part of the cell -the cell is damaged during this process and must rebuild. i.e. breast milk |
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What are holocrine glands?
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What are holocrine glands?
The cell bursts (it is killed) when secretion is released. i.e. sebasous glands (oil glands) |
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Name the different types of secretions.
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Name the different types of secretions.
serous glands mucos glands mixed glands |
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What does/is the serous gland do?
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What does/is the serous gland do?
-thin and watery substance -single membrane that wraps on outside of the organ -prevents friction and gives lubrication |
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What does/is the mucos gland?
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What does/is the mucos gland?
-secretes mucin(mucus) -much thicker secretion than serous -moved by celia |
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What does/is a mixed gland?
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What does/is a mixed gland?
this does what the serous gland and mucos gland does. |
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Define connective tissue.
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Define connective tissue.
this composes the bulk of the body including attachments to epithelial tissue, storage, immunity, transport, and structure. All connective tissues have three types of cells |
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What are the three types of connective tissue?
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What are the three types of connective tissue?
1. specialized cells 2.extracellular protein fibers 3. ground substance |
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Describe specialized cells of connective tissue.
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Describe specialized cells of connective tissue.
often many different types. i.e. blood |
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Describe extracellular protein fiber cells of connective tissue
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Describe extracellular protein fiber cells of connective tissue
(in blood) fibrinogen- inactive form of fibrin |
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What is "ground substance"?
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What is "ground substance"?
cells have production of a liquid gel. This ground substance together with a protein forms the matrix |
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What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
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What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
loose CT dense CT |
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Describe loose CT.
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Describe loose CT.
1. areolar CT 2. adipose tissue 3. reticular tissue |
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Describe dense CT.
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Describe dense CT.
1. tendons 2. ligaments 3. aponeurosis |
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What are the types of cells in CT proper?
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What are the types of cells in CT proper?
1. fibroblasts 2 macrophages 3. adipocytes 4. mesenchyme |
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What is a fibroblast?
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What is a fibroblast?
will see in all types of connective tissue. |
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What is microphage?
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What is microphage?
immune system cells that attack and destroy other cells |
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What is adipocytes?
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What is adipocytes?
fat cells -white fat- long term energy storage -brown fat- contains mitochondria -uses to warm blood |
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What are mesenchyme cells?
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What are mesenchyme cells?
multipotent stem cells - can form any of the connective tissues. |
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What are Mast cells?
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What are Mast cells?
body basophils -granular; contain histamine and heparin. -cause inflammatory response |