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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell theory
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Schleiden&Schwann
Cells form basic life unit of structures of living things |
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T/F Body cells are chemically & physically similar
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TRUEEEEEE
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Proteins contain:::
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Sulfur Oxygen Hydrogen
Carbs Nitrogen Phosphorus |
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what are enzymes?
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allow metabolic reactions to proceed faster
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What are Colloids?
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Mixture where 1 substance is dispersed evenly thru out another
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T/F Protoplasm is a Colloid that holds water, absorbs chemicals & has electric charge
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TRUEEEEE
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Carbs
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main energy source for cells
supply energy for body needs |
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what do carbs contain?
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Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen
CarbOHydrates COH |
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What do Lipids contain?
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Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen
Same as Carbs |
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3 types of lipids
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1. Waxes 2. Phospholipids
3. cholesterol |
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2 Characteristics of Lipids
*think what coconut oil does for hair* |
1. structural strength
2. membrane permeability *think coconut oil & hair it penetrates shaft & strengths hair |
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T/F Water & minerals are organic
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FALSE
Water & Minerals are inorganic |
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4 examples of minerals:
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Sodium sulfur Iron Calcium
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An abundance of cells intercellular material is ____
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water`
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water makes up _% of body weight
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roughly 70%
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Water is an example of a _______
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solvent
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what is a solvent & a solute
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Solvent dissolves solvent
Solute is dissolved in solvent **both make a solution |
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cell membranes re made up of
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lipids
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What is ionization?
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Process that converts an atom or ion into an ion - can add e- or remove e-
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T/F Water has a low ionization power
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FALSE
Water has a HIGH ionization power |
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Latent heat evaporation is ____
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highhhh
can we get much higher? so hiiiiiiigh latent heat evaporation , latent hee eat evaportaaation |
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what is required to evaporate heat?
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High heat!
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2 organic molecules that help speed rate of chemical reaction
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Exoenzyme
Endo enzyme |
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what is the function of exoenzyme?
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outside cell
exo= outside ie/ exit sign leads outside |
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What is the function of endoenzyme?
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substance found within cells
*where did snoop dog smoke his indo? inside the car |
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Enzymes are formed by?
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proteins
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what is Metabolism?
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Life activities of cells
O2 consumption CO2 production |
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what is Anabolism?
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build large molecules & synthesis into living substances
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what is Catabolism?
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Destructive; form small molecules from large ones
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2 types of motion
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ameboid & cilliary
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Cell irritability
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respond to stimuli & conduct thru out cells
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cell respiration
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remove excess CO2
provide O2 for oxidation liberate heat |
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2 types of cell division
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1meosis 2 mitosis
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excretion
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discharge of waste substance
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Cell circulation
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streaming of the protoplasm of the cell
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____ is a microscopic unit of the protoplasm contained within cell membrane
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Cell
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Protoplasm of the cell is called____
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cytoplasm
ctyo=cell |
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T/F most cells have nucleus
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TRUEEEE
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Protoplasm of a nucleus is called?
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Karyoplasm
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3 major parts of cells (structure)
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1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm 3. Plasma membrane |
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the nucleus is enclosed by thin membrane called __ ____
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nuclear envelope
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Fluid surrounding nucleus, floating with organelles
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cytoplasm
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___ surrounds cytoplasm
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Plasma membrane
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___ is the flexible outer boundary of cell
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cell membrane
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how does cell membrane separate IF & ECF?
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by forming outer boundary of every cell; encloses intracellular contents
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What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
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allow & prevent substances to pass
selective=choosy; who gets in |
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the nucleus is enclosed by thin membrane called __ ____
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nuclear envelope
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Fluid surrounding nucleus, floating with organelles
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cytoplasm
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___ surrounds cytoplasm
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Plasma membrane
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___ is the flexible outer boundary of cell
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cell membrane
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how does cell membrane separate IF & ECF?
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by forming outer boundary of every cell; encloses intracellular contents
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What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
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allow & prevent substances to pass
selective=choosy; who gets in |
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Plasma Membrane
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Fluid Lipid bi-layer embedded in proteins, receptors& enzymes
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What is a trilaminar structure?
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Dark-light-dark layers
*think sandwich **** |
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What is Fluid Mosaic Model?
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membrane fluidity & changing protein patterns
*think mosaic sculpture in museum** |
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T/F Fluidity & flexibility of membrane enable cells to change change
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TRUEEEEEE
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___ is aka synthesizing factory
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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What Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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1 continuous organelle with many interconnected channels
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-reticulum
plasm |
-reticulum=network
plasm=cytoplasm |
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2 types of ER
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smooth & rough
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What is rough ER?
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Studded with Ribosomes
RNA synthesize proteins |
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What is smooth ER? (like liver)
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No Ribosomes
Made of cells specializing in synthesis of lipids |
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mRNA carries genetic
messages from _____ to the ____ aka “workbench” where protein synthesis takes place |
From Nucleus to Ribosomes
*think RNA PBS special animation** |
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what are Ribosomes made up of & what is their main function?
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Made of RNA & proteins
function is synthesizes proteins |
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T/F Rough ER is attached to ER & get packages to location by smooth ER
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TRUEEEEE
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____ is aka Refining Plant & directs molecular traffic
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Golgi Apparatus
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In the Golgi apparatus, after transport vesicle
has budded off smooth ER it _____________- |
it fuses to membrane
of Golgi stack that’s closest to center of cell |
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The Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins
synthesized in the Rough ER by ____ & forming ___ |
by adding sugar molecules to form glycoproteins
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Main function of Golgi Apparatus?
**Think UPS |
transport vesicles -process raw materials into finished product then sort to their destination
***Think UPS |
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T/F some are packaged in secretory vesicles for use
outside the cel |
TRUEEEEEE
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Rough ER (protein synthesis) -> Transport Vesicles
Golgi (finalization) -> Secretory Vesicle Out |
Rough ER (protein synthesis) -> Transport Vesicles
Golgi (finalization) -> Secretory Vesicle Out |
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____ is aka Powerhouse of cell
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mitochondria
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____ Extract energy from nutrients in food & transform it into a usable form to energize cellular
activities |
Mitochondria
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Cristae:
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Series of infoldings
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inner cavity (matrix) contains enzymes that aid
in production of ____ |
ATP
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What is ATP
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molecule which provides energy for cellular activities
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Lysosomes
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Sacs containing enzymes that
digest & remove unwanted debris |
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How is extracellular material that's attacked by lysosomes brought to the interior of cell?
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endocytosis
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phagocytosis
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cellular eating
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lyso-
-soma |
lyso-=dissolve
-soma=body |
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centrioles form __ ____ during cell division & distribute ______
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Spindle apparatus
distribute chromosomes thru mitosis & meiosis |
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Cilia
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provide movement of mucous
(along surface of organs) |
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Long projections on cell surface
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Long projections on cell surface
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___ provides mechanical strength, & are thin filaments of protein
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Microfilaments
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Mitosis forms 2 ____ cells & form into _ sets by forming ___
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daughter cells
form into 2 sets by forming cleaves IN THE CYTOPLASM *think ana nicole cleavage |
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T/F Each daughter cell has same # of chromosomes & genes
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TRUEEEEE exactly identical
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ICF aka intracellular fluid
ECF aka Extracellular Fluid |
All fluids in cell
fluid outside cell |
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T/F Blood only carries O2
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FALSE
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__ ___ is a 2 way filtering & diffusion membrane
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cell membrane
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Function of body fluids
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cell nutrients & collect metabolic waste & reg temp
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Passive transport across cell membrane
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uses no energy
moves HIGH To low |
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When does diffusion stop?
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molecules = dist. equilibrium is reached
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T/F O2, H2O, CO2 diffuse easily across membrane
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TRUEEEE
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Osmosis
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movement of water mol. thru selective permeable membrane
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Tonicity
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comparison of solution to inside of cell
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What is a solution?
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solute + solvent
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___ _____ is a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in/out cell
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isotonic solution
stays same |
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Hypertonic solutions ___ water by osmosis. Cells ___ water. Has ___ solutes
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Gain; cell loses water; has more solutes
hyper=above tonic=tension |
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Hypotonic Solutions __ water by osmosis & cell ____ water. Has ___ solutes
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lose; cell gains water ; has less solutes
hypo=below |
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What is osmotic pressure?
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= force needed to clock osmosis
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Active Transport across cell membrane require ____ to occur & move from ___ to _____
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Energy; move from low tO HIGH
needs carrier & ATP |
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T/F Active Transport exchange pump counterparts 2 ions @the same time
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TRUEEEEEEEEE
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___ process where large particles can enter cell
*think of word broken down |
endocytosis
endo-inner cyt-cell |
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Pinocytosis
*think pinot grisio |
cells drink dissolved particles in diss. particles
*think pinot grisio |
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Exocytosis
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substances stored in cells secrete out
exo-exit cyt-cell sis=process |
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Neoplasm
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Abnormal mass ; can be malig or ben.
-plasia=growth |
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When the ability to differentiate is lost neoplasm is ____
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Malignant
Mal=bad |
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When cancer is Malignant it is
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invade surrounding areas, bad, uncontrolled cell division
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Malignant Neoplasm
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tumor
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carcinoma
Sarcoma |
epithelial origin tumor
cancer in bome |
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Benign
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slow growth, resemble norm cells
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Mal. cells are _____
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Clonal; travel via blood, start from same cell
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When a cancer Metastasizes it is ___
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invasive
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If a cancer spreads from 1 organ to another, what type of cancer is it?
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Malig,
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What does it mean, saying mal cells are Autonomy
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mutated cells are cancerous tooo
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what is cell proliferation
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cells are regulated (not mal)
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T/F Mitosis of cancer cells is regulated
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FALSE; NOT regulated
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what is Apoptosis & why does it happen?
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cell suicide, programmed cell death
happens because normal cells damaged beyond repair the body eliminates |
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Anaplasia
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Undifferientated cell growth
or loss of structural & functional cells |
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___ cells cause nucleus to get dark & large or several nuclei
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anaplastic
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what is cell transformation
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convert normal cell to cancerous
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T/F Environ such as tobacco use, radiation, chemicals etc can cause cancer
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TRUEEEEE
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__ are infectious agents with pathogens
think about computers |
Viruses
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Carcinogens
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cancer causer & can change DNA & alter gene
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Oncogenes
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Cancer causing gene
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Proto-oncogenes
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code for proteins, form "switching on" genes that allow cells to get invasive or activate cancer
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2 tumor suppressor genes & how do they work?
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Anti-onogenes p53 & p16
they aid in DNA repair; enhance immune sys, inactivate carcinogen |
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Cancer biopsy
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part of tumor removed & examined for struct. change
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T/F Cancer is assigned a stage 1-4 based on probability of cure
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TRUEEEEE
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what is cancer grading
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4 categories based on alters in: shape, size
1-resemble norm cell 4-dramaic alter |
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what is cancer staging
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based on progression of tumor growth
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Chemo is example of _____ therapy
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differentiated Therapy
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T/F Reduce fat, increase fiber, lower expo.. to chemicals all can prevent cancers
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TRUEEEE
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