Ap Lecture 11

Front 1

skeletal muscles made up of

Back 1

muscle cells that are specialized for contraction

Front 2

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?

Back 2

1. Cardiac
2. Smooth
3. Skeletal

Front 3

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

Back 3

striated
involuntary (automatic on its own)

ex/ heart beat

Front 4

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Back 4

visceral
involuntary (automatically own own)

ex/digestive system

Front 5

Skeletal Musc. Characteristics

Back 5

striated
voluntary (we choose)
maintain body position/temp
support tissues-ie visceral
guard openings-ie anus control bowel mov.
-store nutrients

Front 6

Which muscle type has the highest temp?

Back 6

Skeletal-

Front 7

if body has no nutrients (starvation) where will it get energy?

Back 7

break down muscle protein into amino acids

Front 8

3 Structures found in all 3 types

Back 8

Muscle Tissue, blood vessels & nerves

Front 9

3 Layers of Connective Tissue

Back 9

Epimysium-epi=on the top;my=muscle
Perimysium- peri=surrounds
Endomysium-endo=inside

Front 10

skeletal muscles made up of

Back 10

muscle cells that are specialized for contraction

Front 11

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?

Back 11

1. Cardiac
2. Smooth
3. Skeletal

Front 12

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

Back 12

striated
involuntary (automatic on its own)

ex/ heart beat

Front 13

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Back 13

visceral
involuntary (automatically own own)

ex/digestive system

Front 14

Skeletal Musc. Characteristics

Back 14

striated
voluntary (we choose)
maintain body position/temp
support tissues-ie visceral
guard openings-ie anus control bowel mov.
-store nutrients

Front 15

Which muscle type has the highest temp?

Back 15

Skeletal-

Front 16

if body has no nutrients (starvation) where will it get energy?

Back 16

break down muscle protein into amino acids

Front 17

3 Structures found in all 3 types

Back 17

Muscle Tissue, blood vessels & nerves

Front 18

3 Layers of Connective Tissue

Back 18

Epimysium-epi=on the top;my=muscle
Perimysium- peri=surrounds
Endomysium-endo=inside

Front 19

What does Epimysium contain

Back 19

*Exterior collagen layer that surrounds the muscle
*Connected to deep fascia
*separates muscle from tissue

Front 20

What does PERimysium Contain?

Back 20

peri=surrounds

surrounds bundles of muscle fiber called fascicle (like icicle)

Front 21

What does ENDOmysium contain?

Back 21

endo=inside
*Surrounds individual musclecells/Fib.
*Capillaries & nerve fib contact muscle cells
*Myosatellite (stem cells) repair damage & constantly build mus.tis.

Front 22

Muscle Hierarchy

Back 22

Skeletal Muscle (organ)
Muscle Fascicle (bundle of cells)
Muscle Fiber (cell)

Front 23

What forms connective tissue attachment to bone matrix?

Back 23

Epi, Peri, Endo come together at the ends of muscles
******this is how we move our bones

Front 24

Tendon=

Back 24

bundles

come together at the end of muscles

Front 25

aponeurosis=

Back 25

sheets (attach to muscle

Front 26

what role do nerves have on skeletal muscles?

Back 26

skeletal muscle are controlled by nerves in CNS (brain/spincord)

Front 27

Where are some places you can find aponeurosis?

Back 27

palm of hands, sole of feet, lumbar region

Front 28

How do you get movement from a contraction? what are the steps

Back 28

Contract a Muscle
Muscle gets shorter
pulls on tendon
which yanks the bone
BAM! Movement ;)

Front 29

What controls skeletal muscles?

Back 29

Nerves

Front 30

Nerve Fibers or the length of the nerve is called?

Back 30

axons

Front 31

What do Axons penetrate?

Back 31

thru the EPI, PERI all the way to the ENDO

Front 32

How do nerves travel to muscle?
What are the steps & what is this called?

Back 32

From brain
skeletal muscle
into muscle
Called INNERVATION :P

Front 33

What is Innervation?

Back 33

when nerves go into muscle

Front 34

T/F
Muscle is very well innervated

Back 34

TRUEEEE!

Front 35

Why do muscles need nerve supplies in them?

Back 35

to get the signal nerves are sending them.

Front 36

ENDO & PERI have blood vessels & what else? what is supplying the muscle fibers?

Back 36

& nerves!

Front 37

Why does contraction need energy?

Back 37

'Cause they're constantly moving

Front 38

what 3 things do blood vessels provide?

Back 38

1. oxygen
2. nutrients
3. carry waste away

Front 39

how do muscle fibers develop?

Back 39

Thru fusion of mesodermal cells called myoblasts

Front 40

T/F
1 muscle cell is has mult. nuclei

Back 40

TRUUUUU

Front 41

what are the steps?

From myoblasts to ?

Back 41

from myoblasts -> Develop immature muscle fibers -> devel. Into mature mus.fibers

Front 42

-Sacros=
-Lemma=

Back 42

Sacro-=flesh
Lemma=husk (like corn)

Front 43

Sacrolemma=

Back 43

cell membrane of muscle fiber & surrounds sacroplasm

Front 44

what is sacroPLASM

Back 44

basically the cytoplasm of the muscle cell & sacrolemma surrounds it

Front 45

What causes the Contraction to take place?

Back 45

Transmembrane potential

Front 46

what is transmembrane potential?

Back 46

on opposite sides of membrane (in/outside) There is unequal distribution of +/- ions.
inside has diff charge than outside & has potential to do something- if pos rush in it will change cell. if neg rush out, it will change cell.

Front 47

Why are skeletal muscle fibers large?

Back 47

because the region of cell all have to act simultaneously to contract

Front 48

Where is calcium stored?

Back 48

terminal cisternae

Front 49

how is the Triad formed?

Back 49

1 T-tube + 2 terminal cristernae

Front 50

where does calcium concentrate self?

Back 50

Triad by ion pump

Front 51

T/F

Calcium cant fluctuate 10% or NS reacts

Without calcium we die. Muscles (heart) wouldn’t work

Back 51

TRUEEEEEEEE

Front 52

How does triad start muscle contraction?

Back 52

Triad releases calcium into sacromeres to start muscle contraction

(((((reason we need calcium)))))

Front 53

where is Calcium released?

Back 53

over the zone of overlap

Front 54

who uses calcium to cause contraction? how does it happen?

Back 54

Thick & thin keep coming together after calcium release & lock into each other.
cause contraction (& shorten


process happens million times over in just 1 muscle fiber)

Front 55

What is a scaromere?

Back 55

z line to z line
*Contractile units of muscle
*Form striated patterns within myofibril

Front 56

What are M lines?

Back 56

Midline of sacromere & middle of A Bands;;;

Front 57

what is a Z-Line?

Back 57

At the 2 ends of sacromere; (keep organized in place)

* and Center of L Bands;;;

Front 58

what is H-band?

Back 58

Area around M-line
*Has thick filaments but not thin**

Front 59

what is a Titan?

what is the function?

Back 59

strands of protein (slinky, coil)
Reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z-line

Stabilize filaments

Front 60

Sacromere function

Back 60

t-tubes encircle t sacromeres around zone of overlap >> calcium released by SR causes thin/thick cells to interact

Front 61

thin/thick interact & cause ______-

Back 61

contraction

Front 62

T/F

Structures of protein mol. determine interactions

Back 62

TRUEEEEEEEEEEE

Front 63

4 types of protein in Thin Filament

Back 63

1. F-Actin
2. Nebulin
3. Tropmyosin
4. Troponin

Front 64

What is F-Actin? aka Filamentous actin

Back 64

2 twisted rows of globular G-actin (protein)

-Active sites on G-actin strands bind to myosin

Front 65

What is Nebulin?

Back 65

Holds F-actin strands together

Front 66

What is Tropmyosin?

Back 66

Double strand
Prevents actin–myosin interaction

Front 67

What is Troponin?

Back 67

Globular protein
 Binds tropomyosin to G-actin
 Controlled by Ca2+

Front 68

what do the myosin heads do during contraction?

Back 68

Interact with actin filaments,
forming cross-bridges


Pivot, producing motion (mouse trap)

Front 69

Sliding filament theory

Back 69

**Thin fil. of sarcomere slide toward M line,alongside thick fil.

***width of A band stays same
***
Z lines move closer together
**H/L bands get smaller

Front 70

Neural stimulation of sarcolemma does what during contraction?

Back 70

causes excitation & coupling

Front 71

what happens after excitation?

Back 71

Cisternae of SR release Ca2+:

Which triggers interaction of thick and thin filaments

Consuming ATP and producing tension

Front 72

What is a Neuromuscular Junction?

Back 72

location of neural stimulation

carries AP

Front 73

what is AP & where does it stop?

Back 73

travels along axon of nerve & stops at synaptic terminal

Front 74

How does synaptic Terminal end the AP from traveling? (neurotransmitter)

Back 74

releases ACh aka acetylcholine
into the synapatic clef

Front 75

Where is the synaptic cleft??

Back 75

gap between synaptic terminal
& motor end plate

Front 76

During mus. Contraction, wha thappens to the Zone of Overlap?

what happens to overall size of muscle?

Back 76

zone of overlap gets bigger

overall muscle gets smaller (cuz contraction)

Front 77

where does innervation take place?

Back 77

at the neuromuscular junction

Front 78

binding of ACh to receptors increases cell permeability to _____

Back 78

Sodium ions, which rush into the cell

Front 79

where does ATP come from?

Back 79

Mitochrondria

Front 80

AP formed by increase sodium ions in sarcolemma.

 Travels along the T tubules
 Leads to excitation–contraction coupling…

Back 80

AP formed by increase sodium ions in sarcolemma.

 Travels along the T tubules
 Leads to excitation–contraction coupling…

Front 81

what happens during Excitation–contraction coupling?

Back 81

AP reach triad-->releas calci > trigger contract

Front 82

T/F

Excitation Requires myosin heads to be in “cocked” position & loaded with ATP

Back 82

TRUEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Front 83

** 5 steps of contraction Cycle

Back 83

1. Exposure of active sites
2. Formation of cross-bridges
3. Pivoting of myosin heads
4. Detachment of cross-bridges
5. Reactivation of myosin

Front 84

As sarcomeres shorten, muscle pulls together, producing _______

Back 84

tension

Front 85

T/F

Duration of Contract depends on:
1. Duration of neural stimulus
2.
# free Ca2+ ions in sarcoplasm

3. Availability of ATP

Back 85

TRUEEEEEEEEEE

Front 86

AChE breaks down AcH at synapse & stops the impulse, cross bridges break, tropmyosin moves back in place

What does this result in for the muscle?

Back 86

it relaxes

Front 87

what causes muscle cramps?

Back 87

lack of ATP that needs to pump calci back in SR

muscle remains partically contracted :( ouch.

Front 88

Rigor mortis:

Back 88

calci builds up in SR
prevents relaxation
cause movement after death
x___x

Front 89

T/F
Relaxation and return to resting length are passive

Back 89

TRUEEEEEEE

Front 90

T/F
Contraction is an active process

Back 90

TRUEEEEEEEEEEE

Front 91

T/F
SR releases Ca2+ when a motor neuron stimulates the
muscle fiber

Back 91

TRUEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Front 92

T/F
Free Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm triggers contraction

Back 92

TRUEEEEEEEEEEE

Front 93

T/F

Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as thin filaments slide
between thick filaments

Back 93

TRUEEEEEEEEEEEE