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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the major regions of the brain?(4)
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(1)brain stem (2)cerebellum (3)diencephalaon (4)cerebrum
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What is the most vital part of the brain?
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medulla oblongata
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what is the medulla oblongata?
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houses the respiratory and cardiovascular control centers
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NAME
houses the respiratory and cardiovascular control centers |
medulla oblongata
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What are the three parts of the brain stem? (3)
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(1)medulla oblongata (2)pons (3)midbrain
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NAME
controls the rate of breathing and depth of breathing |
respiratory center
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NAME
is responsible for the rate and force of the heartbeat and blood pressure reflexes |
medulla oblongata
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What is the pons?
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has respiratory center that assists the medulla oblongta in controlling breathing (2)relays information to the diencephalon and the cerebellum
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NAME
has respiratory center that assist the medulla oblongta in controlling breathing |
pons
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NAME
relays infor to the diencephalon and the cerebellum |
pons
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What are the parts of the midbrain? (2)
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(1)cerebral peduncles (2)corpora quadrigemina
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NAME
the parts include the cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina |
midbrain
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What is the cerebral pedunceles?
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are white fibers that connect the upper and lower brain areas
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NAME
are white fibers that connect the upper and lower brain areas |
cerebral pedunceles
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NAME
is called little brain |
cerebellum
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the cerebellum has (1)
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two hemispherhes
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What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
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vermis
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What is the vermis?
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connects the two hemisphers of the cerebellum
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What is the diencephalon?
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is the brain's central area
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NAME
is the brain's central area |
diencephalon
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What are the (3) main regions of the diencephalon?
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(1)thalamus (2)hypothalamus (3)epithalamus
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NAME
has three main regions, thalamus, the hypothalumus, and the epithalamus |
diencephalon
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What is the thalamus?
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is the brain's grand central relay station
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NAME
is the brain's grand central relay station |
thalamus
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Why is teh thalmus the brain's grand relay station?
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bc it is the prinicpil relay station for sensory fibers and some somatic motor fibers
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NAME
is the prinicipil relay station for sensory fibers and some somatic motor fibers |
thalamus
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NAME
has imporant nuclie that control many body functions and homeostatis |
hypothalamus
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What is the hypothalamus?
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has important nuclei that control many body functions and homeostati
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NAME
of its major functions include intergrating and controling the pituitary gland and hormonal functions, autonomic functions, emotions, and behavior , body temp, eating, and drinking |
hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus also includes (1) and (2)
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(1)infundibulum (2)mammillary bodies
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NAME
includes infundibulum and mammillary bodies |
hypothalamus
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What is the infudibulum?
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is a stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
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NAME
is a stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
infudibulum
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What is the mammilary bodies?
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are relay stations for smell and taste relfexes
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NAME
are relay stations for smell and taste reflexes |
mammilary bodies
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What is optic chiasm?
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the area where the optic nerves cross
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NAME
is the area where the optic nerves cross |
optic chaism
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What is the pituitary gland?
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looks like alarge pea
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NAME
looks like a large pea and is attached to the end of the infundibulum |
pituitary gland
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NAME
controls the pituitary gland |
hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus controls the (1)
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pituitary gland
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What makes up the epithalamus?
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pineal gland
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NAME
is made up of a pineal gland |
epithalamus
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What is the pineal gland?
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a small endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin
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NAME
is a small endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melationin |
pineal gland
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NAME
is made up of right and left cerebral hemispheres |
cerebrum
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What is the cerebrum?
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is made up of right and left hemispherers
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NAME
is the largest and most complex division of the brain |
cerebrum
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The cerebrum is the (1) and most (2) divisions of the brain
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(1)largest (2) complex
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NAME
is the center of higher mental processes such as intelligance, communication, learning, and memory, reasoning, and emotions |
cerebrum
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NAME
also interprets sensory input and intilates skeletal muscle contraction |
cerebrum
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The cerebrum is the center for (1) such as (2)
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(1)higher mental processes (2)intelligance, communication, learning, and memory, reasoning, and emotions
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Cerebrum also interprets (1) and (2)
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(1)sensory input (2)initates skeletal muscle contraction
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What are the three main regions of the cerebrum?
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(1)cerebral cotrex (2)white matter (3)basal gangila
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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is composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites
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NAME
is composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites |
cerebral cortex
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NAME
the three main regions are cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal gangla |
cerebrum
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What does the insula do?
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is the part of the cerebrum that inetgrates sensory information, initiates motor output, and is also involved in emotions and intellectual processes
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NAME
is the part of the cerebrum that integrates sensory info, initiates motor output, and is also involved in emotions and intellectual processes |
insula
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What does the basal gangila control?
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automatic skeletal muscle movement and are involed in the limbic system or emotional brain
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NAME
is an automatic skeletal muscle movement and are involved in the limbic system or emotional brain |
basal bodies
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What is white matter?
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composed of mostly myleinated axons that give it the white appearnce
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NAME
composed of mostly myleinated axons that give it the white apperance |
white matter
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What are three fiber tracts found in white matter? (3)
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(1)association fibers (2)commissural fibers (3)projection fibers
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What are association fibers?
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transmit nerve impulses w/in the same hemisphere
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NAME
transmits nerve impulses w/in same hemisphere |
assocation fibers
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What are commissural fibers?
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transmit nerve impulses btwn the two hemispheres
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NAME
transmit nerve impulses btwn the two hemispheres |
commissural fibers
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What are projection fibers?
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are ascending and descending tracts that project nervous impulses from inferior to superopr brain areas
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NAME
are ascending and descending tracts that project nervous impulses from inferior to superior brain areas |
projection fibers
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What is the fornix?
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tract of arched association fibers
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NAME
is a tract of arched association fibers |
fornix
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What is the internal capsule?
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is a large group of projection fibers containing sensory and motor tracts
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NAME
is the large group of projection fibers containing sensory and motor tracts |
internal capsule
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What are the (4) lobes of the cerebrum?
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(1)frontal (2)parietal (3)occipital (4)temporal lobes
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NAME
has 4 lobes frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes |
cerebrum
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NAME
is an elevation or fold in the cerebral cortex |
gyrus
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NAME
is a shallow groove btwn elevations |
sulcus
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NAME
shallow groove separating fronal lobe from parietal lobe |
precentral gyrus
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What is gyrus?
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is a elevation or fold in the cerbral cortex
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What is a sulcus?
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is a shallow grove btwn elevations
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What are the (3) functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
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(1)sensory areas (2)motor areas (3)assocation areas
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NAME
has three functional areas: sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas |
cerebral cortox
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What are the sensory areas?
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receive and interpret impulses to sensory receptors
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NAME
receive and interpret impulses to receptors |
sensory areas
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What are the motor areas?
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initiate impulses to skeletal muscles
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NAME
initiate impulses to skeletal muscles |
motor areas
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What are assocation areas?
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perform complex integrative functions, receive, and send info to multiple areas of the cortex via assocation fibers
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NAME
perform complex integrative functions, receive, and send info to multiple areas of the cortex via assocation fibers |
assocation areas
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NAME
initiates impulses to skeletal muscles |
primary motor cortex
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NAME
initates impulses that results in speech |
broca's speech area
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NAME
receives nerve impulses for touch, proprioception, pain, and temp |
primary somatosensory cortex
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NAME
receives impulses when the auditory receptors of the ear are stimulated |
primary auditory area
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NAME
receives impulses when taste buds are stimulated |
primary gustatory area
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NAME
receives impulses when olfactory receptors of the nose are stimulated |
primary olfactory area
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NAME
recieves impulses from the thalamus when the retina are stimulated |
primary visual area
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NAME
recognizes spoken words, translates words into thoughts, and possibly helps us sound out strange or new words |
wernicke's area
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NAME
integrate sensory info from the sensory cortex w past experiences allowing us for ex to id objects by touch |
somatosensory, visual, and audoitory assocation areas
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What protects the brain both physically and chemcially ? (3)
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(1)cranial bones (2)blood-brain barrier (3)cerebrospinal fluid
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What are the (3) cranial meninges?
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(1)dura mater (2)(3)arachnoid mater (3)pia mater
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What are the two layers of the dura mater?
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(1)periosteal layer (2)meingeal layer
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What are the dural sinuses?
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drains cranial blood into jugular viens
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NAME
drains cranial blood into jugular viens |
dural sinuses
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NAME
is btwn the arachnoid and pia cranal meninges |
subarachnoid space
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NAME
constantly bathes the brain and spinal cord w O2, nutrients, and vital chemicals. |
CSF
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What does CSF stand for?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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What is CSF?
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constantly bathes the brain and spinal cord w O2, nutrients, and vital chemcials
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NAME
is made from blood plasma that leaks out of choroid plexus |
CSF
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What is CSF made from?
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blood plasma that leaks out of choroid plexus
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NAME
smiling muscle |
zygomaticus major
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NAME
the kissing muscle |
orbicularis oris
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NAME
closes eyelid |
orbicularis oculi
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NAME
two muscles that close the mouth |
(1)masseter (2)temporalis
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NAME
paired muscle that flexes head and roates head to side |
sternocleidomastiod
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NAME
extends head |
trapezius
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NAME
adducts and flexes arm |
pectoralis major
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NAME
anterior portion flexes arm; lateral portion abducts arm |
deltoid
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NAME
abducts scapula and rotates it upward |
serratus anterior
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NAME
flexes verterbral column and compresses abdomen |
rectus abdominis
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NAME
two muscle pairs that flex vertebral column, compress abdomen, and laterally flex the vetrbral column |
(1)external oblique (2)internal oblique
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NAME
compresses abdomen only |
transversus abdominis
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NAME
extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm (2) |
(1)tere major (2)latissimus dorsi
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NAME
posterior portion extends arm; lateral portion abducts arm |
deltoid
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NAME
superior portion elevates scapula, middle portion adducts scapula, inferior portion depresses scapula |
trapezius
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NAME
nicknames for neutrophils (2) |
(1)PMNS (2)polymorphanuclear
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NAME (3)
are granulocytes |
(1)neutrophils (2)eosinohphils (3)basophils
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NAME (2)
are agranulocytes |
(1)lymphocytes (2)monocytes
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NAME
most numerous leukocyte |
erythrocyte
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NAME
least numerous leoukocyte |
basophil
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Draw a chart showing the anitgens on RBC's and anitbodies in the plasma for O+, A-, B-, and AB+
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see notes
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based on what you know about antigens and antibodies, what blood type is the unverisal donor? Explain
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O because it does have not have any anitgens that will react with the A and B antigens that other blood types have
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What blood type is the unverisal recepient?
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AB because AB can receive A and B bc it has both antigens
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What is a hematocrit
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determine the volumne of RBC's described the percentage of RBC's in a whole blood sample
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NAME
determines the vol of RBC's described the percentage of RBC's in a whole blood sample |
hematocrit
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Ron has a hemocrit of 47%. is this w/in the normal range? y or n?
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yes
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Janey has a hematocrit of 58%. is this w/in the normal range? y or no.
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yes
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Do the hemocrit and hemoglobin content of blood measure the same thing?
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no, hemoglobin measure the # of protien's carrying white blood cells and (2)hemaocrit-is percent of RBC's in blood
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Would a hemophiliac have an above or below normal coagulation time?
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a below normal coagulation time
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NAME
contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, and coughing |
medulla oblongata
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NAME
smoothes and coordinates skilled skeletal muscle movement, also posture and balance or equilbrim |
cerebellum
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NAME
serecretes melatonin, that controls the sleep-wake cycle |
eptihalamus
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NAME
inteprets sensory input, controls skilled skeletal muscle movements, and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes |
cerebral cortex
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NAME
helps control breathing, conducts impulses, to and from the cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla |
pons
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NAME
coordinates gross, automatic muscle movements, also invoved w limbic system |
basal gangila
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NAME
white fiber tracts communicating btwn hemisphers |
assocation fibers
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NAME
paired muscle that extends verebtral column, maintains erect posture, and laterally flexes verebral column |
erector spinae
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NAME
extends forearm at elbow and extends arm |
triceps brachii
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NAME
flexes forearm at elbow and flexes arm |
biceps brachii
|
|
NAME
flexes forarm |
brachialis
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NAME
flexes forearm and pronates and supinates forearm |
brachioradialis
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NAME (2)
flexes and abducts hands |
(1)flexor carpi radialis (2)flexor carpi ulnaris
|
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NAME
weakly flexes hand |
palmaris longus
|
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NAME
extends hand and extends phalanges |
extensor digitorum
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NAME (2)
Extends and abducts hands |
(1)extensor carpi radialis (2)extensor carpi ulnaris
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NAME
extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip |
rectus femoris
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NAME (3)
three muscles that extend leg only |
(1)vastus intermedius (2)vastus lateralis (3)vastus medialis
|
|
NAME
flexes leg and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh |
sartorious
|
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NAME
adducts thigh and flexes leg |
gracilis
|
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NAME
group of muscles that adducts and flexes thigh |
adductor magnus, longus, brevis
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NAME (2)
abduct thigh |
(1)gluteus medius (2)tensor fasciate latae
|
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NAME (2)
extends thigh |
gleutus medius or gluteus maximus
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NAME (3)
three muscles that extend leg |
(1)biceps femoris (2)semimembranosus (3)semitendinosus
|
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NAME
planar flexes and everts foot |
fibularis
|
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NAME
plantar flexes foot and flexes toes |
flexor digitorum longus
|
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NAME
plantar flexes foot only |
soleus
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NAME
plantar flexes foot and flexes leg |
gastrocenemius
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NAME
dorsiflexes foot and extends toes |
extensor digitorum longus
|
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NAME
dorsiflexes and inverts foot |
tibialis anterior
|
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What is plasma?
|
is the clear straw-colored portions
|
|
NAME
is the clear straw-colored liquid |
plasma
|
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NAME
is the dark-red and buff colored portion of blood |
formed elements
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What are formed elements?
|
are the dark-red and buff colored portion of blood
|
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What are the formed element of blood? (3)
|
(1)RBCS (2)WBCs (3)platelts
|
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What does RBCs stand for?
|
red blood cells
|
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What does WBCs stand for?
|
white blood cells
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RBCs are also called (1)
|
erytrocytes
|
|
NAME
are also called erythrocyres |
RBCs
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WBCs are also known as (1)
|
leukocytes
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(1) are also known as leukocytes
|
WBCs
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Platelets are also known as (1)
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thrombocytes
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(1) are also known as thrombocytes
|
Platelets
|
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What does the CBC stand for?
|
complete blood count
|
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What is the CBC?
|
screens for abnormalities in the # and structure of formed elements
|
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NAME
screens for abnormalites in the # or structure for formed elements |
CBC
|
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What are erythrocytes?
|
are small anucelate cells that contain hemoglobin
|
|
NAME
are small anucleate cells that contain hemoglobin |
erythrocytes
|
|
What is hemoglobin?
|
is a large molecule used to transport O2 and CO2 in the blood
|
|
NAME
is a large molecule used to transport O2 and CO2 in the blood |
hemoglobin
|
|
When blood is bright red, it means that (1)
|
O2 rich
|
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When blood is (1), it means that it is O2 rich
|
bright red
|
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When blood is darker red, it means that it is (1)
|
O2 poor
|
|
When blood is (1), it means that it is O2 poor
|
darker red
|
|
What is polycythemia?
|
is an abnormally high # of RBCs
|
|
NAME
are abnormally high # of RBCs |
polycythemia
|
|
What is anemia?
|
is a usally low number of RBCS
|
|
NAME
is a usally low # of RBCs |
anemia
|
|
NAME
have discernible vesicles in the cytoplasm that can be seen after staining |
granular leukocytes
|
|
What are granular leukocytes?
|
have granules in the cytoplasm that can be seen after staining
|
|
NAME
is performed to determine the % of each of the five types of WBCs |
differential WBC count
|
|
WHat is the blood order?
|
Never let Monkies eat Bananas
N=Neutrophils L=Lymphocytes M= monocytes E=eosinophils B=basophils |
|
NAME
can also be described as a high hematocrit |
polycythemia
|
|
NAME
can also be descibed as a low hematocrit |
anemia
|
|
What is hemoglobin?
|
a protien that carries O2 in the RBC
|
|
NAME
is a protien that carries O2 in the RBC |
hemoglobin
|
|
What is coagulation?
|
the process of blood cloting
|
|
NAME
is the process of blood clotting |
coagulation
|
|
What does coagulation do?
|
prevents excessive blood loss
|
|
What is orgin?
|
is the nonmoving point of attachment
|
|
NAME
is the nonmoving point of attachment |
orgin
|
|
NAME MUSCLE THAT MOVE THE HYOID BONE (2)
elevates hyoid bone and depresses mandible |
anterior belly (2)posterior belly or the diagstric muscle
|
|
NAME MUSCLE THAT MOVE THE HYOID BONE
elvates hyoid bone and depresses mandaible (2) |
posterior belly and anterior belly or diagstric
|
|
NAME MUSCLE THAT MOVE THE HYOID BONE
elevates hyoid bone and moves is posteriorly |
stylohyoid
|
|
NAME MUSCLE THAT MOVE THE HYOID BONE
elevates hyoid bone and floor of oral cavity and depresses mandible |
mylohyoid
|
|
What are three muscles that help in breathing? (3)
|
(1)external intercoastal (2)internal intercoastal (3)diaphragm
|
|
What are the group of muscles that move the vertebral column?
|
erector spinae
|
|
NAME
extends vertbral column and maintain erect posture when both muscles contract. Laterally, flexes vertebral column when only one muscle |
erector spinae
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND (2)
flexes and abducts hand |
flecor carpi radialis (2)flexor carpi ulnaris
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
weakly flexes wrist |
palmaris longus
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
flexes hand and proximal and middle phalanx of each finger |
flexor digitorum superficialis
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
flexes distal phalanx of thumb |
flexor pollicis longus
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND (2)
extends and adducts the hand |
extensor carpi ulnaris (2)extensor cari radialis brevis
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
extends hand and proximal phalanx of fifth digit |
extensor digitorum minimi
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
extends hand and proximal middle, and distal phalanges |
extensor digitorum
|
|
NAME MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
extends distal phalanx of thumb and first metacarpal of thumb and abducts hand |
extensor pollicus longus
|
|
NAME
is the largest buttocks muscle |
gluteus maximus
|
|
What is the differ btwn sulcus and gyrus?
|
(1)sulcus-are shallow grooves btwn elevations (2)gryus-are elevations or folds in the cerebral cortex
|
|
Draw a diagram showing the parts of the brain and how they are divided up
|
see notes
|
|
What is the differ bwtn the styohyoid and mylohoid muscles?
|
(1)styohyoid- elevates the hyoid bone and moves it posteriorly (2)Mylohoid- elevates hyoid bone and the floor of the oral cavity and depresses mandible
|
|
What is the sternohyoid muscles?
|
depresses the hyoid bone
|
|
What is the sternohyoid muscle?
|
depresses the hyoid bone
|
|
NAME (2)
depresses the hyoid bone |
(1)omohyoid (2)sternohyoid
|
|
NAME WHAT IT INDICATES
high neutrophils |
bacteria infection
|
|
NAME WHAT IT INDICATES
high lymphocytes |
viral infection
|
|
NAME WHAT IT INDICATES
viral or fungal infection |
monocytes
|
|
NAME WHAT IT INDICATES (2)
high eosinophils |
allergic reaction or parastic infection
|
|
NAME WHAT IT INDICATES
high basophils |
allergic reaction
|
|
NAME INDICATOR
bacterial infection, burns, stress, and inflammation |
high neutrophils
|
|
NAME INDICATOR
viral infection, some leukemias |
high lymphocytes
|
|
NAME INDICATOR
viral or fungal infections, tuberclosis, some leukenmias, and toehr chronic diseases |
high monocytes
|
|
NAME INDICATOR
allergice reaction, parastic infections, or autoimmune diseases |
eosinophils
|
|
NAME INDICATOR
allergice reactions, leukemias, cancers, and hypotheyriodism |
basophils
|