A&p Lab 1 Practicle

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T-cells Lymphocytes

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Monocytes

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B-cells Lymphocytes

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Basophils

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Neutrophils

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Platelets

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Eosinophils

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Erythrocytes

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insufficient oxygen is transported to the body's cells

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anemia

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failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC

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aplastic anemia

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inadequate iron supply to manufacture hemoglobin

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iron-deficiency anemia

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inherited condition in which protein portion of hemoglobin folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low, so oxygen is unable to properly bind with the hemoglobin

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sickle cell anemia

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increase in RBC

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polycythemia

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decrease in WBC below normal range

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leukopenia

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increase in WBC above normal range

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leukocytosis

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cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC

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leukemia (know 4 kinds)

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1. distribution- O2, metabolic waste, hormones
2. regulation- body temp, pH, fluid volume
3. protection- preventing blood loss and infection

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Functions of Blood

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non-living fluid matrix
makes up 55% blood
composed of 90% water and over 100 different solutes (nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, protein, inorganic ions, product of cell activity)

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Blood Plasma

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living blood cells
makes up 45% blood
formed in red bone marrow
composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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formed elements

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Most common formed element in the blood. 4-6 million RBC/ mm3 of blood
• Formed through a process called erythropoiesis
• At maturity, have no nucleus or any other cellular organelles
• Biconcave shape (edges thicker than middle)

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Erythrocyte (RBC)

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transport O2 and CO2

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Erythrocyte Function

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Number of erythrocytes per unit of blood
• Normal RBC count:
• Males = 5.1-5.8 mill/mm3****
• Females = 4.3-5.2 mill/mm3****
• Major factor contributing to blood viscosity

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Total RBC Count

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Spherical, nucleated cells
General Function: Defense and Immunity Able to leave the blood and enter other
body tissues
Come in 5 Specific Types
Total WBC count: Number of leukocytes per unit of blood
Normal 4800-10,800/ mm3 blood****
Differential WBC count: The percentage of the different types of leukocytes present in the blood

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Leukocytes (WBC)

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1.Granulocytes – Leukocytes that contain granules for chemical defense
2.Agranulocytes – Leukocytes that lack cytoplasmic granules
Five (6) Types:
• Neutrophils • Lymphocytes
– T-cells
– B-cells • Monocytes
• Eosinophils • Basophils

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Two Categories of Leukocytes

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50% -­‐ 70% of the Leukocytes 3000-­‐7000 cells/mm3 blood
• Mul8-­‐lobed nucleus (oQen tri-­‐ lobed)
• Granulocytes: Cytoplasmic granules stain purple-­‐pink

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neutrophil

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• 25% -­‐ 45% of the Leukocytes • 1500-­‐3000 cells/mm3 blood
• Agranulocytes
-T-­‐Cell
• Round nucleus takes up most of the cytoplasm

-B-­‐Cell
• Large bean-­‐shaped nucleus

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lymphocyte

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3% -­‐ 8% of the Leukocytes 100-­‐700 /mm3 blood
• Largest leukocyte with a large U or Kidney-­‐shaped nucleus
• Agranulocytes

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monocyte

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2% -­‐ 4% of the Leukocytes 100-­‐400 / mm3 blood
• Bi-­‐lobed nucleus and red granules
• Granulocytes: Cytoplasmic granules stain orange-­‐red

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eosinophil

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0.5-­‐ 1% of the Leukocytes 20-­‐50 /mm3 blood
• Bi-­‐lobed nucleus (U or S shaped) and blue cytoplasmic granules
• Granulocytes

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basophil

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150,000-­‐400,000 /mm3
blood
• Not true cells – formed from the breakup of large cells called Megakaryocytes
• Granules stain deep purple

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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percentage of whole blood made up of erythrocytes
Normal Hematocrit:
• Males.......... 42-52% • Females....... 37-47%
-above-polycythemia, below-anemia

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hematocrit

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Polycythemia,
Congestive heart failure,
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Dwelling at high altitude,

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Causes of Increased Hemoglobin

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Anemia, Hyperthyroidism, Cirrhosis of the liver, Renal disease, Systemic lupus Erythematous Severe hemorrhage

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causes of decreased hemoglobin

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Male 13-18 g/100 ml blood Female 12-16 g/100 ml blood

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normal blood hemoglobin

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when antibodies cross the placenta blood barrier and attack the erythrocytes of the fetus

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erythroblastosis fetalis

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Between 100- 200 mg/deciliter of blood

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desirable blood levels

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Between 200- 239mg/dl of blood

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borderline high cholesterol

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Over 240mg/dl
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

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High Cholesterol = Hypercholesterolemia

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Below 100 mg/dl
hyperthyroidism,
liver disease,
inadequate absorption of nutrient from the intestine. Linked to depression, anxiety.

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Low Cholesterol = Hypocholesterolemia

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1. Myeloid (granulocytic) from myeloid cells
2. Lymphocytic from Lymphyocytes
3. Acute (quick advancing) from stem cells
4. Chronic (slow advancing) from later stage cells

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types of leukemia

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• Function:
During an acute infection, phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi followed by enzymatic destruction

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neutrophil

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• Function:
Attack viruses & tumors

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T-cell lymphocyte

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• Function:
When stimulated by bacteria or toxins, they differentiate into plasma cells. These plasma cells then produce and secrete antigen-­‐ specific antibodies

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B-cell lymphocyte

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• Function:
Phagocytosis: Differentiate into macrophages in issues for phagocytosis

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monocyte

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• Functions:
– Attack parasitic worms
– Play a complex role in allergy and asthma
– Lessens the severity of allergic reactions

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Eosinophil

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• Function:
– Releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation
– Contains Heparin (blood thinner)
– Increases allergic reactions

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basophil

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• Function:
– Seal small openings in blood vessels
– Instrumental in blood clotting

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platelets

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Can receive from A+, A-, O+, O-

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A+ blood

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Can receive from B+, B-, O+, O-

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B+ blood

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Can receive from A+ A- B+ B- O+ O- AB+ AB-

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AB+ blood

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Can receive from O+ O-

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O+ blood

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Can receive from A- O-

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A- blood

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Can receive from B- O-

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B- blood

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Can receive from A- B- AB- O-

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AB- blood

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Can receive from O-

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O- blood

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has A antigens and B antibodies

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A blood

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has B antigens and A antibodies

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B blood

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has A and B antigens and no antibodies

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AB blood

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has no antigens and A and B antibodies

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O blood

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bird

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What is A?

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Erythrocyte

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What is B?

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Platelets

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camel

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cat

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crab

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fish

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frog

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granulocytic leukemia

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normal human

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normal human

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lymphatic leukemia

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bird

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camel

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fish

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frog

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polycythemia

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sickle cell

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sickle cell

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LAL found in ______ blood

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crab

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clumped RBC

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rouleaux formation

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when antibodies cross the placenta blood barrier and attack the erythrocytes of the fetus

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erythroblastosis fetalis

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given to mom shortly before or after birth of first Rh+ baby it will prevent mom from making antibodies

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rhogam

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Mom’s Antibodies will attack and lyse 2nd fetus’ blood

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hemolysis

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nucleated RBC found in which animals?

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fish, bird, frog

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no RBC found in which animal?

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crab