A&p L

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Tissues

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A group of similar cells and their intercellular substances that function together to perform a specialized activity.

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Types of tissue in the human body

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1. Nervous tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
4. Connective tissue

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Nervous Tissue

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Tissue found in nervous system but throughout the body

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Types of nervous tissue cells

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1. Neuron- main cells
2. Neuroglia- helper cells

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Types of muscle tissue

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1. Smooth- found in internal organs and blood vessels
2. Cardiac- found in the heart
3. Skeletal- attaches to bones

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Characteristics of muscle tissue

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1. Exciteability- ability to be stimulated
2. Elasticity- ability to change shape
3. Extensibilty- ability to elongate
4. Contractibility- ability to shorten

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Types of epithelial tissue

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1. Glandular- forms glands; secretion or excretion
2. Lining- lines, covers, protects. Open to wear and tear.

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Types of glandular tissue

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1. Exocrine- ducts; secretes substance thru ducts (sweat, tears)
2. Endocrine- no ducts; secretes substance thru blood stream (hormones)

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Characteristics of epithelial tissue (Lining)

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1. Closely packed together
2. Found in continuous thin sheets
3. Simple...one layer
4. Stratified...two or more layers
5. Avascular- no direct blood supply

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Functions of connective tissue

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1. Supports and holds the body together
2. Transports substances
3. Protects the body

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Characteristics of connective tissue

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1. Cells are scattered
2. Vascular

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Types of fibers associated with connective tissue

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1. Collagen
2. Elastin
3. Reticular

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Collagen

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-White fibers
-Strong
-Not flexible
-Bundles

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Elastin

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-Yellow fibers
- Flexibility
-Not as strong

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Reticular

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Small collagen fibers found near capillaries and nerves

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Types of connective tissue

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1. Loose areolar
2. Loose adipose
3. Dense/fibrous
4. Cartilage
5. Blood
6. Bone

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Loose Areolar connective tissue

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-"Packing material" of the body
-Attaches the skin to underlying tissues

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Loose adipose connective tissue

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Fat cells

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Dense/fibrous connective tissue

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-Mainly collagen fibers
-Tendons, ligaments, fascia, scar tissue

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Cartilage

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-Made up of cells called
chondrocytes
-Avascular

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Types of cartilage

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-Hyaline cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic cartilage

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Hyaline cartilage

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-Found where two bones meet
-Strong cartilage
-Some flexibility

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Fibrocartilage

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-Stronger
-More rigid
-Not as flexible
(Intervertebral Discs)

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Elastic cartilage

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-Most flexible
-Not as strong
(Outer Ears, Larynx)

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Bone

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Most rigid connective tissue

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Blood

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-Liquid
-No fibers

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Membranes

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1. Thin sheet-like layer of tissue that covers a cell, organ or other structure
2. Lines tubes or body cavities
3. Separates one body part from another

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Types of membranes

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1. Epithelial membrane
2. Connective tissue membrane

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Epithelial membrane

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Layered with epithelial tissue on top of connective tissue

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Types of Epithelial membrane

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1. Mucous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Cutaneous membrane

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Mucous membrane

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Lines body cavities or organs OPEN to the exterior
(Nose, ears, larynx)

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Serous membrane

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-Lines body cavities or organs CLOSED to the exterior (Abdominal cavity)
-Produces serum to lubricate

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Cutaneous membrane

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Skin

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Connective tissue membranes

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Synovial membranes

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Tissue repair

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-Epithelial
-Connective
(greatest capacity to heal[Regeneration])

-Muscular
-Nervous
(Least capacity to heal[Degeneration])

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Skeletal Divisions

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1. Axial- Cranium, spine, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone
2. Appendicular- Arms, legs, pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle

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Antebrachial

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Forearm

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Cubital

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Elbow

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Antecubital

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Front of elbow

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Olecranal

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Back of elbow

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Cephalic

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Head

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Cranial

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Skull

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Occipital

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Back of head

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Compounds

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Mix of molecules of different elements

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Body Systems

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1. Nervous
2. Endocrine
(Coordinate and regulate)

3. Skeletal
4. Muscular
(Foundation and structure)

5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
(Transport systems)

10. Integumentary
11. Reproductive

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Tendons

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Attaches muscles to bones

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Ligament

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Bone to bone

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Muscle Origin

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The end of the muscle attaching to the RELATIVELY FIXED bone of its joint

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Muscle Insertion

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The end of the muscle attaching to the FREELY MOVING bone of its joint

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Trapezius

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Most superficial muscle of the upper back

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Latissimus Dorsi

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Most superficial muscle of the lower back

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Pectoralis Major

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Most superficial muscle of the chest

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Flexion

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Angle narrows in joint

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Extension

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Angle expands in joint

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Cytoplasm

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Everything inside of a cell from membrane to nucleus
(Cytosol, organelles)

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Cytosol

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Liquid (gel) part of cell

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Types of organelles

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1. Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Smooth
-Rough
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Mitochondria
5. Lysosomes
6. Centrioles
7. Cytoskeleton

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Ribosomes

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Makes proteins

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Makes new cell membrane

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Transports proteins

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Golgi Apparatus

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Chemically processes molecules

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Mitochondria

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Produces energy

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Lysosomes

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Helps in digestion

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Centrioles

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Helps in reproduction

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Cytoskeleton

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Used to form the structure of cell

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Main divisions of fluid in the body

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Intracellular- inside of the cell
Extracellular- outside the cell

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Types of extracellular fluids

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1. Interstitial- surrounds the cells
2. Plasma- Liquid part of blood
3. Lymph- Liquid found in lymph vessels

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Ways things enter cells

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1. Passive Method- Does not require energy; involves equilibrium; go from greater to lesser concentration
2. Active method- requires energy; needs carrier molecule; goes from lesser to greater concentration

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Types of active method

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1. Active transport- Needs carrier molecule
2. Endocytosis- Cell "surrounds/swallows" element
3. Exocytosis- Cell "spits out" element

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Mitosos

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When chromosomes split/unwind themselves and the cell reproduces an identical cell

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Abdominal

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Abdomen

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Brachial

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Upper arm

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Axillary

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Arm pit

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Buccal

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Cheek

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Carpal

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Wrist

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Cervical

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Neck

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Costal

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Ribs

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Crural

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Leg

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Cutaneous

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Skin

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Digital

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Fingers & Toes

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Dorsal

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Back of trunk

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Femoral

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Femur/Thigh area

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Frontal

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Forehead

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Gluteal

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Buttocks

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Inguinal

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Groin

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Lumbar

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Low back

Front 87

Mammary

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Breast

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Orbital/Ophthalmic

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Eyes

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Palmar

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Palm

Front 90

Pectoral

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Chest

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Pedal

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Foot

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Plantar

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Bottom of foot/Sole

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Popliteal

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Back of knee

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Tarsal

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Ankle

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Temporal

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Side of head

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Thoracic

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Mid back

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Umbilical

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Navel

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Ventral

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Front of body

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Prone Position

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Face down

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Supine Position

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Face up

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Lateral Recumbent Position

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On side

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3 Body Positions

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1. Prone
2. Supine
3. Lateral Recumbent

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Atom

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Smallest unit of matter

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Subatomic Particles

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1. Proton (+)
2. Electron (-)
3.0 Neutrons (neutral)

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96% of elements in the human body

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1. Hydrogen
2. Carbon
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen

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60% of body weight

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Water

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Electrolytes

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Ions in a solution

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Anabolism/Anabolic

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Bring units together

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Catabolic/Catabolism

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Break units apart

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Metabolism

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Sum total of all chemical reactions

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ATP

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Chemical in every cell that stores and releases energy for chemical reactions

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Homeostasis

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Condition that the body is normal within certain physiological limits

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Cells

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Basic, structural, functional unit of the human body

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Abdominal Quadrants
(Basic)

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1. Right upper
2. Right lower
3. Left upper
4. Left lower

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Abdominal Quadrants
(Atomic)

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1. Right hypochondriac
2. Left hypochondriac
3. Epigastric
4. Right lumbar
5. Left lumbar
6. Umbillical
7. Right iliac
8. Left iliac
9. Hypogastric

Front 116

How many bones are there in the human skeleton?

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206