Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
411 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
NAME
this relayes heavily on two defense sysetms: the innate system and the adaptive defense system |
the immune system
|
|
|
What do defensive systems does the immune sysetm relay heavily on? (2)
|
(1)the innate system (2)the adaptive defensive system
|
|
|
The innate system is called the (1)
|
nonspecfic
|
|
|
The (1)system is also called the nospecfic system
|
innate
|
|
|
The adaptive defense system is also called the (1)system
|
specfic
|
|
|
(1)system is also called the specfic system
|
adaptive defense
|
|
|
What is the innate system?
|
is like a lowly solider that responds within mins to protect the body to protect from all foreign substances
|
|
|
NAME
this is like a lowly soldier that responds w/in mins to protect the body to protect from all foreign substances |
innate system
|
|
|
What is the adaptive defense system?
|
is more like an elite fighting force equipped w high tech weapons that attack particular foreign substances and provide the body's third line of defense
|
|
|
NAME
is more like an elite fighting force equiped high tech weapons that attack particular foreign substances and provide the body's third line of defense |
adaptive defense system
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn the innate system and the adaptive system? (2)
|
(1)innate defense system- is like lone solider, always prepared, responding w/in min to protect the body from all foreign substances (2)adapative defense system- is more like an elite fighting force equipped w high tech weapons that attacks particular foreign substances and is the third line of defense
|
|
|
What are (2) barricades of the innate system?
|
(1)the first line of defense (2)the secound line of defense
|
|
|
What is the first line of defense?
|
is the external body membranes--innact skin and mucoasae
|
|
|
NAME
this is the external body membranes--innact skin and mucossae |
the first line of defense
|
|
|
NAME
this has two barricades: the first line of defense and the second line of defense |
the innate system
|
|
|
What is secound line of defense?
|
is called into action when ever the first line of defense has been penetrated, uses antimicorbial protiens, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit the invader's spread throughout the body
|
|
|
NAME
this is called into action when ever the first line of defense has been penetrated, uses antimicorbial protients, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit the invader's spread throughout the body |
secound line of defense
|
|
|
What is the third line of defense?
|
adaptive defense system
|
|
|
NAME
this is the third line of defense |
adaptive defense system
|
|
|
NAME
this is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense |
immune system
|
|
|
T or F
the immune system is not a functional system but an organ system |
false
|
|
|
What are pathogens?
|
disease causing microbes
|
|
|
NAME
are disease causing microbes |
pathogens
|
|
|
In addtion to the skin, what else is the body's first line of defense?
|
mucous membranes and thier secretions
|
|
|
NAME
this also includes mucous membranes and thier secretions |
the first line of defense
|
|
|
NAME
this is resistant to most weak acids and bases bacterial enzymes and toxins |
keratin
|
|
|
How does the skin (specifaclly epithelia membranes), other providing a physical barrier, act as the first defense mechanism? (4)
|
(1)the acidity of skin mucosa secretes a conecntrated hydrocholroic acid and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria (2)The stomach mucosa secretes a concentrated hydrocholoric acid solution and protien digesting enzymes that both kill mircobes (3)Saliva, which cleanses the oral cavity and teeth and lacrimal fluid of the eye contain lysozyme (4)sticky mucus traps many microbes that enter the digestive and respiratory passageways
|
|
|
NAME
its acidity of skin secretions inhibits bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemcials that are toxic to bacteria, the stomach mucosa secretes a concentrated hydrocholric acid solution, and protien digesting enzymes kill microbes, saliva cleanses the oral cavity and teeth, and alcrimal fluid of the eye contain lyzosyme, and sticky mucus traps many microbes that enter the digstive tract and respiratory passageways |
skin and mucosae
|
|
|
NAME
this secretes a concentrated hydrocholric acid and acid solution and protien digesting enzymes |
stomach mocusoa
|
|
|
NAME
cleanses the oral cavity |
saliva and teeth
|
|
|
What did cilla on the upper respiratory tract do?
|
sweep dust and the bacteria laden mucus towards the mouth, preventing it from entering the lower respirtory tract
|
|
|
What happens when pathogens get through the skin and mucosae into connective tissue?
|
they are confronted by phagocytes
|
|
|
What are the chief phagocytes?
|
marcophages
|
|
|
NAME
these are the chieft phagocytes |
macrophages
|
|
|
What are macrophages?
|
are cheif phagocytes derived from white blood cells called monocytes
|
|
|
NAME
these are chief phagocytes derived from white blood cells called monocytes |
marcophages
|
|
|
What are monocytes?
|
are white blood cells that leave the bloodstream, enter the tissues, and develop into macrophages
|
|
|
NAME
theseare white blood cells that leave the bloodstream, enter the tissues, and develop into macrophages |
monocytes
|
|
|
What are macrophages derived from?
|
white blood cells called monocytes
|
|
|
What are free macrophages?
|
wander throughout tissue spaces in search of celular debris or foriegn invaders
|
|
|
NAME
they wander throughout tissue spaces in search of cellular debris or foriegn invaders |
free macrophages
|
|
|
What are fixed macrophages?
|
are permaent residenst of particular ograns
|
|
|
NAME
these are permenat residents of the particular organs like Kuppffer cells. |
fixed macropahges
|
|
|
T or F
whatever thier mobility, all macrophages are similar structurall and functionally |
true
|
|
|
What are neutrophils?
|
become phagoctyic on encountering infectious material in the tissues
|
|
|
What are the most abundant type of white blood cells?
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
NAME
these are the most abundant type of white blood cells |
neutrophils
|
|
|
What are Eosinophils?
|
are only weakly phagocytic but they are important in defending the body against parastic worms
|
|
|
NAME
these are weakly pagocytic but they are important in defending the body against parastic worms |
Eosinophils
|
|
|
What are mast cells?
|
play a role in allergies and having a striking ability to bind w, ingest, and kill wide range of bacteria
|
|
|
NAME
these play a role in allergies and having a striking ability to bind w/, ingest, and kill a wide range of bacteria |
mast cells
|
|
|
How do phagocyte's kill pathogens?
|
by phagocytosis
|
|
|
NAME
they kill bacteria through mechanisms of phagocytosis |
phagocyte
|
|
|
What is phagosome?
|
is the membrane lined voculae that engulfs the pathogen
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to the membrane lined voculare that engulfs the pathogen |
phagosome
|
|
|
What is phagoloysosome?
|
is the phagosome fused w a lysosome
|
|
|
NAME
this is a phagosome fused w a lysosome |
pahgoloyosome
|
|
|
T or F
phagocytes attempts are always sucessful |
false
|
|
|
In order for a phagocyte to accomplish ingestion, (1)must occur
|
adherence
|
|
|
In order for a (1) to accomplish ingestion, adherance must occur
|
phagocyte
|
|
|
NAME
Phagocytes have diffculatiy adehering to this bc recoginition of its carbohyrdrate signature is diffuclt bc it has a external capsule made of complex sugars |
pneumococcus
|
|
|
Why is diffuclt for phaocytes to adhere to pneumoccous?
|
bc in order to adhere to the pathogen the phagocyte regcogze the pathogen's carb signature. Pneumossous has a external capsule made up of complex sugars
|
|
|
When is adherence to pathogens by phaogcytes more likely to occur/ be achieved?
|
through opsonization
|
|
|
What is opsonization?
|
refers to the when complement protiens and antibodies coat foreign particles
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to when complement protiens and antibodies coat foreign particles |
opsonization
|
|
|
What is respiratory burst?
|
refers to an even that liberates a deluge of free radicals that have potent killing ability
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to an even that liberates a deluge of free radicals that have potent killing ability |
respiratory burst
|
|
|
What are defensins?
|
are antibiotic like chemicals produced by neutrophils
|
|
|
NAME
these are antibiotic like chemicals produced by neutrophils |
defensins
|
|
|
What does NK stand for?
|
natrual killer cells
|
|
|
What are NK cells?
|
are a unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated
|
|
|
NAME
are uniqure group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected body cels before adaptive immune system is activated |
NK cells
|
|
|
NAME
these are sometimes called the pit bulls of the defense system |
NK cells
|
|
|
What are NK cells sometimes called?
|
the "pit bulls" of the defense system
|
|
|
T or F
NK cells are pahgocytic |
false
|
|
|
Are NK cells phagocytic?
|
no
|
|
|
What are perforins?
|
are ctyolic chemcials released by NK cells
|
|
|
NAME
theseare cytolic chemicals that are released by NK cells |
peroforins
|
|
|
When is the inflammatory response triggered? (4)
|
is triggered whenever body tissues are injured by (1)physical trauma (2) intense heat (3)irritating chemicals, or (4)infection by viruses, fungi, or bacteria
|
|
|
NAME
is triggered whenever the body tissues are injured by physical trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals, or infection by viruses, fungi, or bacteria |
inflammatory reponse
|
|
|
What are (3) benfits of a inflammatory response?
|
(1)prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues (2)disposes of cell debris and pathogens (3)sets the stage for repair
|
|
|
NAME
this prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and sets the stage for repair |
inflammatory response
|
|
|
What are four cardinal signs of a inflammation? (4)
|
(1)redness (2)swelling (3)heat (4)pain
|
|
|
NAME
the four cardinal signs of this are redness, swelling, heat, and pain |
inflammation
|
|
|
inflammation forces the injured part to (1)--thus aiding in healing
|
rest
|
|
|
What is considered to be "possible" the first cardinal sign of a inflamamation?
|
the impairment function
|
|
|
NAME
some believe that the five cardinal sign of this is the impairment function |
inflamation
|
|
|
What does the inflammatory response begin w?
|
a flood of inflammatory chemicals into the extracellular fluid
|
|
|
Describe the phagocyte mobilization (what comes first then last etc)?
|
(1)neutrophils (2)macorphages
|
|
|
Marcophages bear surface membrane receptors called (1)
|
TLRs
|
|
|
What are TLRs?
|
are surface membrane receptors found on macrophages that play a central role in triggering a immune response
|
|
|
NAME
these receptors found on macrophages that play a central role in triggering a immune response |
TLRs
|
|
|
How many types of TLRs have been id?
|
10
|
|
|
What happens when TLR are activated?
|
TLR trigger the release of cytokines
|
|
|
NAME
if this happens, cytokines are released |
activation of TLRs
|
|
|
What are cytokines?
|
they promote inflammation and attract WBCs to the scene
|
|
|
NAME
these promote inflammation and attract WBCs to the scene |
cyotokines
|
|
|
What are the most important types of inflammatory mediators?
|
(1)histamine (2)kinins (3)PGs (4)complement (5)cytokins
|
|
|
What does PGs stand for?
|
prostaglandins
|
|
|
What can cause small blood vessels in the injured area to dilate? (5)
|
(1)histamine (2)kinins (3)PGs (4)complement (5)cytokins
|
|
|
What are TLRs?
|
are surface membrane receptors found on macrophages that play a central role in triggering a immune response
|
|
|
NAME
these receptors found on macrophages that play a central role in triggering a immune response |
TLRs
|
|
|
How many types of TLRs have been id?
|
10
|
|
|
What happens when TLR are activated?
|
TLR trigger the release of cytokines
|
|
|
NAME
if this happens, cytokines are released |
activation of TLRs
|
|
|
What are cytokines?
|
they promote inflammation and attract WBCs to the scene
|
|
|
NAME
these promote inflammation and attract WBCs to the scene |
cyotokines
|
|
|
What are the most important types of inflammatory mediators?
|
(1)histamine (2)kinins (3)PGs (4)complement (5)cytokins
|
|
|
What does PGs stand for?
|
prostaglandins
|
|
|
What can cause small blood vessels in the injured area to dilate? (5)
|
(1)histamine (2)kinins (3)PGs (4)complement (5)cytokins
|
|
|
What is hyperemia?
|
is the congestion of the blood
|
|
|
NAME
this is the congestion of the blood |
hyperemia
|
|
|
What accounts for the redness and heat of an inflamed area?
|
hyperemia
|
|
|
Hyperemia can account for (1)an a inflammed area
|
redness and heat
|
|
|
What is exudate?
|
is fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies
|
|
|
NAME
is fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies |
exudate
|
|
|
What cuases the swelling and pain of an inflamed area? (4)
|
when exudate seep into the blood it can cause swelling which in turn presses on adjacent nerve endings (2)pain can also be caused by the release of bacterial toxins (3) lack of nutrition to cells in the area (4) sensitzing effects of released prostaglandins and kinins
|
|
|
What is edema?
|
refers to swelling
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to swelling |
edema
|
|
|
What are some benfits of edema? (3)
|
by the surge of protien rich fluids into the tissue spaces helps to (1)dilute harmful substances (2)brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair (4)allows the entry of clotting protiens
|
|
|
NAME
some benfits of this are the surge of protien rich fluids into the tissue helps to diluate harmful substances that may be present, brings in large quanties of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair, and allows the entry of clotting protiens |
edema
|
|
|
The (1)can form a gel like fibrin mesh that forms a scaffolding for the permanent repair
|
clotting protien fibrin mesh
|
|
|
The clotting protien fibrin mesh can form a gel like fibrin mesh that forms a scaffolding for the permanent repair-- this in turn (1)
|
isolates the injured area and prevents the spread of bacteria and other harmful agents into surrounding tissues
|
|
|
What are B defensins?
|
are broad spectrium anitbiotics like chemicals that are continousaly present in epthelia mucosal cells in small amounts and help mantain the sterile environment of the body's internal passageways
|
|
|
NAME
are broad spectrium antibiotic like chemicals that are continousaly present in epthelia mucosal cells in small amounts and help maitain the sterile nvironment of the body's internal passageways |
B defensins
|
|
|
What happens when the mucosal surface is abraded or penetrated and the underlying connective tissue becomes niflamed?
|
B defensin output increase dramatically
|
|
|
When does B defensin output increase dramatically?
|
when the mucosal surface is abraded or penetrated and the underlying connective tissue is penetrated
|
|
|
What happens during phagocyte mobilization? In order (4)
|
(1)leukocytosis (2)margination (3)diapedesis (4)chemotaxis
|
|
|
What are leukocytosis-inducing factors?
|
are chemcials released by injured cells that promote the rapid release of neutrophils from the red bone marrow and w/in a few hours the number of neutrophils in blood increses four to five fold.
|
|
|
NAME
are chemicals released by injured cells that promote the rapid release of neutrophils from the red bone marrow and w/in a few hours the number of neutrophils in the blood increase four to five fold |
leukocytosis-inducing factors
|
|
|
What is leukocytosis?
|
refers to the increase in WBCs
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to an increase in the WBCs |
leukocytosis
|
|
|
Margination can also be called (1)
|
pavementing
|
|
|
(1)can also be called pavementing
|
margination
|
|
|
What is margination?
|
is when the complementary CAMs bind together, the neutrophils cling to inner walls of capillaries and post capillary venules
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to when the complementary CAMs bind together, the neutrophils cling to inner walls of capillaries and post capillary walls |
margination
|
|
|
Diapedesis can also be called (1)
|
emigration
|
|
|
(1)can also be called emigration
|
diapedesis
|
|
|
What is diapedesis?
|
is when neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls
|
|
|
NAME
refers to when neutrophils squeeze throught he capillary walls |
diapedesis
|
|
|
What are chemotactic agents?
|
are like homing devices that attract neuotrophils and other white blood cells to the site of injury
|
|
|
NAME
these are like homing devices that attract neutrophils and other white blood cells to the site of injury |
chemotactic injury
|
|
|
T or F
monocytes are poor pagocytes but w/in 12 hours of leaving the blood entering the infected area they swell and develop large numbers of lysosomes, becoming macrophages w instaibale appetites |
true
|
|
|
NAME
are poor pagocytes but w/in 12 hours of leaving the blood entering the infected area they swell and develop large numbers of lysosomes, becoming macrophages w instaibale appetites |
monocytes
|
|
|
What is pus?
|
is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken down tissue cells and living and dead pathogens that may accumulate in a wound
|
|
|
NAME
These are a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens that may accumulate in a wound |
pus
|
|
|
NAME
these predominate at sites of prolonged inflammation |
macrophages
|
|
|
Sacs of pus may be walled off by collagen fiber forming a (1)
|
abcess
|
|
|
Sacs of pus mab be (1)forming a abcess
|
walled off by collagen fiber
|
|
|
T or F
some bacteria such as tuberculosis baclli, are resistant to marcophages |
true
|
|
|
Give ex of a bacteria that is resistant to macrophages and escape the effects of antibiptics by remaining snuggly enclosed w/in thier macrophage host
|
tuberculosis baclli
|
|
|
What is a infectious granulomas form?
|
are tumorlike growths containing a central region of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and an outer fibrous capsule
|
|
|
NAME
are tumorlike growths containing a central region of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and an outer fibrous capsule |
infectious granulomas form
|
|
|
What are antimicrobial proteins?
|
enhance the innate defenses by attacking microbes directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce
|
|
|
NAME
enhance the innate defenses by attacking microbes directly or by hindering thier ability to reproduce |
antimicrobal proteins
|
|
|
What are the most important antimicrobial protiens? (2)
|
(1)interferon (2)complement protiens
|
|
|
NAME
there are the most important of these: interferon and complement protiens |
antimicrobial protiens
|
|
|
NAME
these lack the cellular machinary to generate ATP synthesize protiens |
interferons
|
|
|
How do viruses do thier dirty work?
|
by invading tissue cells and taking over the cellular metabolic mechainary needed to reproduce themselves
|
|
|
NAME
they do thier dirty work by invading tissue cells and taking over the cellular machinary needed to reproduce themselves |
dirty work
|
|
|
What does IFNs stand for?
|
interferons
|
|
|
What are IFNs?
|
help to protect cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
|
|
|
NAME
these help to protect cellst that have not yet been infected by viruses |
IFNS
|
|
|
NAME
these stimulate systthesis of a protien called PKR |
IFNs
|
|
|
What stimulates the protein PKR ?
|
IFNs
|
|
|
What is PKR?
|
is a protien that interfers w viral replication in still healthy cells by blocking protien synthesis at the ribosomes
|
|
|
NAME
this is a protein that interferes w viral replication in still healthy cells by blocking protien synthesis at the ribosomes |
PKR
|
|
|
T or F
IFNs only protect against certain viruses |
false
|
|
|
are IFNs virus specfic?
|
no
|
|
|
What kind of cells do lymphocytes secrete?
|
gamma or immune interferons
|
|
|
NAME
these secrete gamma or immune inferferons |
lymphocytes
|
|
|
What kind of cells do fibroblasts secrete?
|
alpha interferons
|
|
|
NAME
these secrete alpha IFNs |
fibroblasts
|
|
|
What can alpha IFNs be used for?
|
to treat genital warts (2)has some sucess w hepatitis C
|
|
|
NAME
these can be used to treat genital warts and has had some success w treating hepatitis C |
alpha IFNs
|
|
|
What is the complement system?
|
refers to a group of 20 plasma protiens that normally circulate in the blood in active state
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to a group of 20 plasma protiens that normally circulate in the blood in active state |
complement system
|
|
|
The complement system is sometimes called the (1)
|
complement
|
|
|
What are some of the complements? (5)
|
(1)C1 through C9
(2)B (3)D (4)P (5)plus, severaly regulatory protiens |
|
|
NAME
the activation of this system unleashes chemical meediators that amplify virtually all aspects of the inflamatory process |
the complement system
|
|
|
What happens when the complement system is activated?
|
unleashes chemical mediators that amplify virtually all aspects of the inflamatory process
|
|
|
What are (2)pathways that activate the complement system?
|
(1)the classical pathway (2)alternative pathway
|
|
|
NAME
this is activated by the classical pathway and the alternative pathways |
complement system
|
|
|
What is the classical pathway?
|
involves antibodies, water soluble protien molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off invaders
|
|
|
NAME
this inolves antibodies, water soluble protien molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off invaders |
classical pathway
|
|
|
What does the classical pathway depend on?
|
complement fixation
|
|
|
NAME
this depends on complement fixation |
the classical pathway
|
|
|
What is the ccomplement fixation?
|
the binding of antibodies to the invading organisms and the subsequent binding of C1 to the microbes antibody complexes
|
|
|
NAME
this is the binding antibodies to the invading organisms and the subsequent binding of C1 to the microbes antibody complexes |
complement fixation
|
|
|
What is the alternative pathway?
|
is triggered when factors B, D, and P interact w polysaccharid molecules present on the surface of certain marcomolecules
|
|
|
NAME
this is triggered when factors B, D, and P interact w polysacchirdes molecules present on the surace of certain microbes |
althernative pathway
|
|
|
Where do the althernative pathway and the classical pathway converage?
|
C3
|
|
|
NAME
At C3, these two pathways converge |
alternative and classical pathway converage
|
|
|
What does the convence of alternative and classical pathways trigger?
|
the cell lysis, promotes phagocytosis, and enhances inflammation
|
|
|
What does MAC stand for?
|
membrane attack complex
|
|
|
What is opsonization?
|
is when C3b molecules coat bacterial surfaces which enhances phagocytosis
|
|
|
NAME
this is when C3b molecules coat bacterial surfaces which enhances phagocytosis |
opsonization
|
|
|
What does CRP stand for?
|
C reactive protien
|
|
|
Where are CRP produced by?
|
the liver in the response to inflammatory molecules
|
|
|
What is the CRP?
|
is used as a clincal marker to assess for the presence of an acute infection or an inflamatory condition and its response treatment
|
|
|
NAME
this is used as a clincal marker to assess for the presence of an acute infection or an inflamatory condition and it response treatment |
CRP
|
|
|
What is a fever?
|
is a systemic response to a invading microbes
|
|
|
NAME
is a localized response to an infection but sometimes the body's response to other invasion of microbes is more widespread |
fever
|
|
|
NAME
this is a systemic response to a invading microbes |
fever
|
|
|
What is the normally body temp?
|
36.2 C
|
|
|
What are pyrogens?
|
are chemicals that cause the body's temp to increase
|
|
|
NAME
these are chemicals that cause the body's temp to increase |
pyrogens
|
|
|
What are some benifits of a fever? (2)
|
(1)in order to multiply, bacteria require large amounts of iron and zinc, but during a fever the liver and spleen sequester those nutrients, making them less avialable (2)increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells in general,speeding up repair processes
|
|
|
NAME
its beifits include(1)in order to multiply, bacteria require large amounts of iron and zinc, but during a fever the liver and spleen sequester those nutrients, making them less avialable and increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells in general,speeding up repair processes |
fever
|
|
|
What is the adaptive immune system?
|
is the body's built in specfic defensive system that stalks and eliminates w nearly equal precision almost any type of pathogen that intrudes into the body
|
|
|
NAME
is the body's built in specfic defensive system that stalks and eliminates w nearly equal precision almost any type of pathogen that intrudes into the body |
adaptive immune system
|
|
|
NAME
when this fails or is disabled, the results in such devastating diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthitirs, and AIDS |
adaptive immune system
|
|
|
What activates the adaptive immune system?
|
an intial exposure to a specfic foreign substance
|
|
|
How was the basic adapative immmunity revealed?
|
in the late 1800s when animals surived serious bacterial infections and had protective factors in thier blood
|
|
|
NAME
this was discovered in the late 1800s when aniamls surived serious bacterial infections and had protective factors in thier blood |
adapative immunity
|
|
|
What are (3) aspects about adaptive immune system ?
|
(1)it is specfic (2)it is systemic (3)it has memory meaning after the inital exposure, it recoginzes and mounts a even stronger attack
|
|
|
NAME
this is specfic, systemic, and has "memory" meaning after an intial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on the previosuly encountered pathogens |
adaptive immune system
|
|
|
the humoral immunity is also called (1)
|
antibody-mediated immunity
|
|
|
(1)is also called the antibody-mediated immunity
|
humoral immunity
|
|
|
NAME
this is provided by the human body's humors or fluids |
humoral immunity
|
|
|
What provides the humoaral immunity?
|
the body's humor's or fluids
|
|
|
What is the humoral immunity?
|
refers to the circulation of antibodies in the blood and lymph, that bind primarly to bacteria, to bacterial toxins, and to free viruses, inactivating them tempoararily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to the circulation of antibodies in the blood and lymph, that bind primarly to bacteria, to bacterial toxins, and to free viruses, inactivating them tempoararily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement |
humoral immunity
|
|
|
What is cell-mediated immunity?
|
refers to when lymphocytes themselves rather than antibodies defend the body
|
|
|
NAME
refers to when lymphocytes themseslves rather than antibodes defend the body |
cell mediated immunity
|
|
|
Cell mediated immunity can also be called (1)
|
cellular immunity
|
|
|
(1) can also be called cellular immunity
|
cell mediated immunity
|
|
|
Why does cellular medicated immunity work?
|
bc of protective factors in living cells
|
|
|
NAME
this works bc of protective factors in living cells |
cellular mediated immunity
|
|
|
What are antigens?
|
are substances that can moblize immune system and provoke a immune response
|
|
|
NAME
these are substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response |
antigens
|
|
|
NAME
most of thesea are large molecules that are not normally present in the body |
antigens
|
|
|
are antigens present in the body?
|
not normally
|
|
|
Antigens are (1)
|
nonself
|
|
|
NAME
these are nonself |
antigens
|
|
|
what kind of antigens are there?(2)
|
complete (2)uncomplete
|
|
|
NAME
there are two kinds of these: complete and uncomplete |
antigens
|
|
|
What are complete antigens?
|
have two properties: immunogencity and reactivity
|
|
|
NAME
these have two main properties: immunogencitity and reactivity |
complete antigens
|
|
|
What is immunogenicity?
|
is the ability to stimulate proliferation of specfic lymphocytes and antibodies
|
|
|
NAME
this is the ability to stimulate proliferation of specfic lymphocytes and antibodies |
immunogenicity
|
|
|
What is reactivity?
|
is the ability to react w the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
|
|
|
NAME
this is the ability to react w the activated lymphocytyes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions |
reactivity
|
|
|
T or F
small molecules such as peptides and nucleotides are immunogenic or complete antigens |
false
|
|
|
Are small molecules such as peptides and nucelotides immunogenic or complete antigens?
|
no
|
|
|
What make the strongest antigens?
|
protiens
|
|
|
protiens make the (1)
|
strongest protiens
|
|
|
What do not make good antigens?
|
small molecules such as peptides and nucleotides
|
|
|
What are incomplete antigens?
|
refer to when small molecules that are not immunogenic are regonized by the immune system as foreign substances and mount a attack against them
|
|
|
NAME
this refer to when small molecules that are not immunogenic are regonized by the immune system as foreign substances and mount a attack against them |
incomplete antigens
|
|
|
Incomplete antigens are also called (1)
|
hapten
|
|
|
(1) are also called hapten
|
incomplete antigens
|
|
|
What are some things that act as haptens? (4)
|
(1)poison ivy (2)animal dander (3)detergents (4)industrial products
|
|
|
NAME
posion ivy, animal dander, detergents, and industrial products can act as this |
haptens
|
|
|
What does the ability of a molecule to act as a antigen depend on? (2)
|
(1)size (2)complexity
|
|
|
NAME
this depends on the size and complexity of the molecule |
the ability of a molecule to act as an antigen
|
|
|
What are antigenic determinants?
|
refers to the part of the antigen that is immunogenic in which the free antibodies or activated lymphocyte binds to
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to the part of the antigen that is ummunogenic in which the free antibodies or activated lymphocyte binds to |
antigenic determinants
|
|
|
Why do protien make such strong antigens?
|
bc they have hundreds of chemocially differ antigenic determinants
|
|
|
T or F
most natural occuring antigens have a variety of antigenic determinants |
true
|
|
|
NAME
these have a variety of antigenic determinants |
naturally occuring antigens
|
|
|
Why can plastic be used in implants?
|
bc it has little or no immmunogenicity and are not seen as foreign substances
|
|
|
What does MHC protiens stand for?
|
major histocompatibility complex
|
|
|
NAME
these are a group of glycoprotiens that mark a cell as a self |
MHC protiens
|
|
|
What are MHC protiens?
|
are a group of glycoprotiens that mark a cell as a self
|
|
|
What are self-antigens?
|
refers to antigens that are not foreign or antigenic to us but others
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to antigens that are not foreign or antigenic to us but others |
self antigens
|
|
|
What are (2)major groups of MHC proteins?
|
(1)Class I MHC protiens (2)Class II MHC protiens
|
|
|
Where are Class I MHC protiens found?
|
virtually all body cells
|
|
|
Where are Class MHC protiens found?
|
only on certain cells that act in a immune response
|
|
|
What are (3) cruical types of cells in the adaptive immune system?
|
two types of lymphocytes : (1) B and T cells (3)APCs
|
|
|
NAME
these include two types of lymphocytes: B and T cells and APCs cells |
crucial cells of the adaptive immune system
|
|
|
What are two cruical types of lymphocytes? (2)
|
T and B cells
|
|
|
NAME
these include T and B cells |
lymphocytes
|
|
|
What does APCs stand for?
|
antigen presenting cells
|
|
|
B cells are also called (1)
|
B lymphocytes
|
|
|
(1) are also called B lymphocytes
|
B cells
|
|
|
What are B cells?
|
they oversee the humoral immunity
|
|
|
NAME
these oversee the humoral immunity |
B cells
|
|
|
What are T cells?
|
are non-antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell mediated arm of adaptive immunity
|
|
|
NAME
are non-antibody producing lymphocytes that constiuite the cell mediated arm of adaptive immunity |
T cells
|
|
|
Where do lymphocytes come from?
|
the red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
|
|
|
NAME
these come from the red bone marrow from hematopoitic stem cells |
lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is immunocompetent?
|
is the ability to recoginze a specfic antigen by binding to it
|
|
|
NAME
this the ability to recoginze a specfic antigen by binding to it |
immunocompetent
|
|
|
Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a B or T cell depends on (1)
|
where in the body it becomes immunocompetent
|
|
|
Where do T cells orginate from?
|
the thymus
|
|
|
NAME
these lymphocytes orginate from the thymus |
T cells
|
|
|
NAME
the education of these cells depends on both the postive and negative selection processes |
T cells
|
|
|
What does the education of T cells depend on?
|
the postive and negatve selection processes
|
|
|
What is the postive selection?
|
occurs in the thymic cortex is essentially an MHC restriction process
|
|
|
NAME
this occurs in the thymic cortex is essentially an MHC restriction process |
postive selection
|
|
|
WHat is the MHC restriction process?
|
is the process by which T cells whose receptors are capable of recoginzing self MHC molecules are id
|
|
|
NAME
this is a process by which T cells whose receptors are capable of recoginzing self MHC molecules are id |
MHC restriction process
|
|
|
NAME
this produces a army of self MHC restricted T cells |
MHC restriction process
|
|
|
T cells that make it through postive selections are then tested by (1)
|
a negative selection
|
|
|
T cells that make it through the (1) are tested by a negative selection
|
postive selection
|
|
|
What is the negative selection?
|
is when T cells that bind too strongly to self MHC or to MHC bound to self peptides are eliminated
|
|
|
NAME
this is when T cells that bind too strongly to self MHC or MHC bound to self peptides are eliminated |
negative selection
|
|
|
NAME
this ensures that the T cells surviving the secound screen process exhibit self tolerance |
negative selection
|
|
|
What is the purpose to the negative selection?
|
to ensure that T cells surviving the secound screen process exhibit self tolerance
|
|
|
What is self tolerance?
|
is the relative unresponsiveness to self antigens
|
|
|
NAME
this is the relative unresponsiveness to self antigens |
self tolerance
|
|
|
T or F
little is known about the factors that control B cell maturation |
true
|
|
|
What is anergy?
|
refers to when some self-reactive B cells are inactivated
|
|
|
NAME
is when some self reactive B cells are inactiavted |
anergy
|
|
|
What is clonal deletion?
|
refers to when others are killed outright or physcially eliminated
|
|
|
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
|
are the lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent
|
|
|
NAME
these are the lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent |
the primary lypmhoid organs
|
|
|
Whare the specfic primary lymphoid organs ? (2)
|
the bone marrow and thymus
|
|
|
NAME
these include the bone marrow and the thymus |
primary lymphoid organs
|
|
|
What are the secound ary lymphoid organs?
|
are all other lymphoid organs
|
|
|
T or F
all cell type (T and B cells) are capable of responding to the same antigens |
true
|
|
|
T or F
it is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specfic foreign substances our immune system will be able to recoginze and resist |
true
|
|
|
What determines what specfic foreign substance or immune system will be able to recoginze and resist foreign substance our immune system will be bale to recoginze and resist
|
our genes
|
|
|
What happen after lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
|
they are exported to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other secondary lymphoid organs where the ecounters w antiens occurs
|
|
|
What are antigen presenting cells?
|
engulf antigens and then present fragments of these antigens, like signal flag, on thier own surfaces where they can be recoginzed by T cells
|
|
|
NAME
these engulf antigens and then present fragements of these antigens, like signal flag, no thier own surfaces where they can be recoginzed by T cells for destruction |
antigen presenting cells
|
|
|
What are some major cells that act as antigen presenting cells? (4)
|
(1)dendritc cells present in the connective tissue (2)marcophages (3)activated B cells (4)Langerhan's cells of the skin epidermis
|
|
|
NAME
some of these include dendritic cells present in the conective tissue, marcophages, activated B cells, and Langerhan's cells of the skin in the epidermis |
antigen presenting cells
|
|
|
NAME
these are the body's frontiers |
dendrtic
|
|
|
What do activated lymphocytes do?
|
release chemicals that rev up the moblization and maturation of dendritic cells and prod macrophages to become activated marcophages
|
|
|
NAME
when these are activated, they release chemicals that rev up the mobilization and maturation of dendritic cells and prod marcophages to become activated macrophages |
activated lymphocytes
|
|
|
T cells, and dendrtic cells tend t oproplate the (1)
|
germinal centeres
|
|
|
NAME
thse tend to proplate the germinal centers |
T cels and dendrtic cells
|
|
|
macrophages are clustered around (1)
|
medullary sinuses
|
|
|
NAME
these tend to be clustered around medullary sinuses |
macrophages
|
|
|
NAME
these cells tend to remain fixed in lymphoid organs, as if waiting for antigens to come to them |
marcophages
|
|
|
Where are macrophages found?
|
tend to remain fized in lymphoid organs, as if waiting for antigens to come to them
|
|
|
Where are T cells found?
|
they circulate continously throughout the body
|
|
|
NAME
these cells circulate continously throughout the body |
T cells
|
|
|
What does the spleen do?
|
act as a filter to trap bloodborne antigens
|
|
|
NAME
this acts as a filter to trap bloodborne antigens |
spleen
|
|
|
NAME
research suggest that these are the iniiators of the adaptive immunity |
dendritic cells
|
|
|
What does the adaptive system's response depend on? (2)
|
the ability of cells to (1) recoginze antigens in the body by binding to them (2)to communicate w one another so that the whole system mounts a response specfic to those antigens
|
|
|
NAME
the launch of this system depends on the ability of cells to recoginze antigens in the body by binding to them, and to communicate w one another so that the whole system mounts a response specfic to those antigens |
adapative immune system
|
|
|
What is the antigen challenge?
|
is the first encounter btwn an immunocompetent but naive lymphocyte and an invading antigens
|
|
|
NAME
is the first encounter btwn an immunocompetent but naive lymphocyte and an invading antigens |
antigen challenge
|
|
|
Where does teh antigen challenge take place?
|
in the spleen or lymph node
|
|
|
NAME
this usally takes place in the spleen or lypmh node |
the antigen challenge
|
|
|
What produces a humoral immune response?
|
if the lympocyte is a B cell
|
|
|
If the lymphocyte is a B cell, the challenging antigen prokes a (1)
|
humoral response
|
|
|
If the lymhocyte is a (1) the challenging antigen prokes a humoral response
|
B cells
|
|
|
How are naive B cells activated?
|
by when antigens bind to its surface receptors and cross link adjacent receptors togther
|
|
|
NAME
this is activated by when antigens bind to its surface receptors and cross link adjacent receptors together |
naive B cells
|
|
|
The activation of naive B cells trigger (1)
|
colonal selection
|
|
|
What triggers the colonal selection?
|
the activation of naive B cells
|
|
|
what does clonal selection stimulate?
|
the B cells to grow and then multiply rapidly to form an army of cells all exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen specfic receptors
|
|
|
NAME
this stimulates B cells to grow and then multiply rapidly to form an army of cells all exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen specfic receptors |
clonal selection
|
|
|
What is the clone?
|
the resulting family of indentical cells
|
|
|
NAME
this is the resulting family of indentical cells |
clone
|
|
|
Most cells of the clone become (1)
|
plasma cells
|
|
|
Most cells of the (1)become plasma cells
|
clone
|
|
|
What are plasma cells/
|
are the antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response
|
|
|
NAME
these are the antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response |
plasma cells
|
|
|
What are memory cells?
|
are cells that can mount an almost immediate humoral response if the encounter the same antigen again at some future time
|
|
|
NAME
these are cellst hat can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen at some future time |
memory cells
|
|
|
What is the primary immune response?
|
occurs at the first exposure to particular antigen and typically has a lag period of 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge
|
|
|
NAME
this occurs are first exposure to particular antigens and typically has a lag period of 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge |
primary immune response
|
|
|
When does a secoundary response occu?
|
if and when someone is reexposed to the same antigen, whether it's the second or the twenty second time
|
|
|
NAME
this occurs if and when someone is reezposed to the same antigen, whether it's the second or the twenty second time |
secoundary response
|
|
|
NAME
this response is faster, more prolonged and more effecte |
secondary response
|
|
|
Why is the secondary response faster, and more prolonged and more effective?
|
bc the immune sysetm has already been primed to the antigen and sensitzed memory cells are already in place
|
|
|
a primary response sets up a pool of activated lymphocytes and generates (1)
|
memory cells that can mount secoundary responses
|
|
|
When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies, againsts them, you are exhibiting (1)
|
active humoral immmunity
|
|
|
What is active humoral immunity?
|
refers to when your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodes against them
|
|
|
How does one get active humoral immunity?
|
it is (1)naturalaly accuired when you get a bacteria or viral infection (2)articfially acquired when you receive vaccines
|
|
|
NAME
this can be naturally acquired or artifically acquired when you receive a vaccine |
humoral immunity
|
|
|
What are (2) benefits of vaccines?
|
(1)they spare us most of the symptoms and discomfort of the disease that would overwise occur during primary response (2) thier weakened antigens provide functional antigenic determinants that are both immunogenic and reactive
|
|
|
NAME
these have two benfits they spare us most of the symptoms and discomfort of the disease that would otherwise occur during primary response and thier weakened antigens provide functional antigenic determinants that are both immunogenic and reactive |
vaccines
|
|
|
What is the passive humoral immunity?
|
refers to immunity that is conferred naturally on a fetus when the mother's antibodies cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to immunity that is conferred naturally on a fetus when the mother's antibodes cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation |
passive humoral immunity
|
|
|
Antibodies are also called (1)
|
immunoglobulins
|
|
|
(1) are also called immunoglobulines
|
antibodies
|
|
|
NAME
these consituite the gamma globulins part of blood protiens |
antibodies
|
|
|
Antibodies consituite the (1)
|
gamma globulins part of blood protiens
|
|
|
What secretes Antibodies?
|
B cells or plasma cells
|
|
|
NAME
these are secreted by the B cells or plasma cells |
antibodies
|
|
|
What is a immunodeifiecny?
|
is any cogenital or acquired condition that causes immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally
|
|
|
NAME
this is any cogenital or accquired condition that cuases immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally |
immuno defeiciney
|
|
|
What is the most devasting congenitial condition?
|
SCID
|
|
|
The SCId is the most (1) of the congenitial condition
|
SCID
|
|
|
What does SCID stand for?
|
severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes
|
|
|
What do SCID result from?
|
a marked deficit of B and T cells
|
|
|
NAME
this results from a marked deficit of B and T cells |
SCID
|
|
|
What does AIDS stand for?
|
Accquired immune deficiency syndrome
|
|
|
NAME
this cripples the immune system by interfering w the activity of the helper T cells |
AIDS
|
|
|
What does HIV stand for?
|
human immunodeficeincy virus
|
|
|
What does the HIV virus do?
|
destroys Th cells thus depressing cell mediated immunity
|
|
|
NAME
destroys the Th cells thus depressing cell mediated immunity |
HIV virus
|
|
|
What is autoimmunity?
|
is when the immune system loses it ability to distinguish self from foreign antibodies and the body produces antibodies and sensitzed Tc cells that destroy its own tissues
|
|
|
NAME
is when the immune system loses it ability to distinguish self from foreign antibodies and the body produces antibodies and sensitzed Tc cells that destroy its own tissues |
autoimmunity
|
|
|
What is multiple sclerosis?
|
destroys the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
NAME
this destroys the white matter of the brian spinal cord |
multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
What is myasthenia gravis?
|
which impairs communication btwn nerves and skeletal muscles
|
|
|
NAME
this impairs communication btwn nerves and skeletal muscles |
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
What is the grave's disease?
|
which prompts the thyroid gland to produce excesssive amount of thyroxine
|
|
|
NAME
this promopts the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroxine |
Grave's disease
|
|
|
What is Type I juvenile diabtes mellitus?
|
which destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a deficit o insulin and inability to use carbs
|
|
|
NAME
this destorys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a deficit of insulin and a inability to use carbs |
Type I juvenile diabetes
|
|
|
What is systemic lupuserythematosus?
|
a systemtic disease that particually affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, and the skin
|
|
|
NAME
this is a systemic disease that particually affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, and the skine |
SLE
|
|
|
What does SLE stand for?
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
What is Glomerulonephritis?
|
is a severe impairment of renal function
|
|
|
NAME
this is a severe impairment of renal function |
glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
What is rheumatoid arthrits?
|
which systematically destroys the joints
|
|
|
NAME
this systematically destorys the joints |
rehumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
What is thalidomide?
|
is a drug that was used to treat nausea in pregant women and cuased tragic birth defects bc it inhibited the immune system's production of alpha TNE
|
|
|
NAME
this is a drug that was used to treat nausea in pregant women and caused tragic birth defects bc it inhibited the immune system's production of alpha TNE |
thalidomide
|
|
|
What might trigger autoimmunity? (3)
|
(1)lymphocyte programming is ineffective (2)new self antigens appear (3)foreign antigens resemble self antigens
|
|
|
NAME
this may be triggered by ineffective lymphocyte programming, new self antigens appear, and foreign antigens resemble self antigens |
autoimmunity
|
