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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define nutrients. |
A substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair. |
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Define metabolism |
It is collectively all of biochemical reactions in the body. |
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What is the main message for consumers from the official image of “MyPlate Food Guide”? |
Consumers may plan meals relative to the amount and variety of foods from each food group |
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Define catabolism |
All processes that break down complex structures into simple ones |
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Which lipids are referred as trans fats? |
“Healthy oils” that are hardened by hydrogenation |
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Define gluconeogenesis. |
It is formation of new (neo) glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids and glycerol). |
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What is glycolysis? |
An anaerobic pathway that converts a single glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules |
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What are redox reactions? |
Coupled oxidation and reduction reactions |
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What are coenzymes? |
Molecules that act with enzymes to accomplish chemical tasks |
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Name two important coenzymes associated with enzymes catalyzing redox reactions |
NAD+ and FAD |
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What is glucose sparing? |
The increased use of non-carbohydrate fuel molecules to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing. |
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Define one kilocalorie. |
The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1° C. |
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What is the basal metabolic rate? |
It is total amount of heat produced by the body during a post-absorptive state in a reclining and relaxed state. |
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What is measured by the body mass index? |
Obesity |
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What are gonads? |
Gonads are the primary sex organs that produce sex cells. |
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Which organs are male and female gonads? |
Male and female gonads are testis and ovaries respectively. |
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What are gametes? |
Gametes are sex cells that may fuse to form fertilized egg or zygote. |
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What is a diploid number of chromosomes? |
It is found in most cells of body, where each chromosome is present in a pair (maternal and paternal chromosomes). |
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What is a haploid number of chromosome? |
It is the number of chromosomes in gametes, one member of each pair – maternal or paternal |
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What are spermatids? |
Developing spermatocytes formed after meiosis II |
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What is spermiogenesis? |
It is a streamlining process that transforms spermatids into sperms |
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What is synapsis? |
It is the pairing of homologous chromosomes to exchange genetic material. |
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What is corpus luteum? |
Formed after the rupture of the mature follicle, which changes into an endocrine structure. |
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What is zona pellucida? |
A thick glycoprotein layer around the oocyte |
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What is the ovulation? |
The rupture of ovarian wall, which expels secondary oocyte. |
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What are main constituents of semen? |
Main constituents of semen are: sperms, testicular fluid and secretions of accessory glands |
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Which are two main groups of ovarian follicles? |
Antral and preantral follicles |
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What are homologous chromosomes? |
They are pairs of similar chromosome – one from mother and other from father. |
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What is nondisjunction? |
When meiosis distributes sex chromosomes to the gametes improperly. |
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Define pregnancy. |
Pregnancy refers to events from the time of fertilization until the infant is born. |
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What is conceptus? |
It is the developing offspring |
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What is embryo? |
It is conceptus from the fertilization through eighth week |
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What is fetus? |
It is the conceptus from week 9 through birth. |
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What is parturition? |
It is the culmination of pregnancy giving birth of the baby |
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Define labor. |
The series of events that expel the infant from the uterus. |
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Which stage is called infant? |
The offspring after birth. |
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What is referred as cleavage during embryonic development? |
It is the period of rapid cell divisions without intervening growth |
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Define ‘engagement’ of head during the labor. |
Engagement occurs when the head of infant enters true pelvis. |
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What is colostrum? |
Initial production of milk which has more protein, but less fat than true milk. |
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What are alleles? |
Matched genes on homologous chromosomes, |
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What is genotype? |
A person’s genetic makeup |
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What is phenotype? |
The way a genotype is expressed in the body |
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What is multiple-allele inheritance? |
When the same gene shows more than two allele forms |
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What is pedigree? |
Pedigree traces a particular genetic trait through several generations |
