Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Microanatomy of the testes |
Seminiferous tubules = Produce sperm Sertoli/Nurse cells = Secretes testicular fluid Interstitial cells = secrete testosterone |
|
|
Sertoli or Nurse cells location and function |
Location = Seminiferous tubule
Functions: -deliever nutrients to dividing cells -Secrete testicular fluid -secret inhibin (regulates spermatogenesis by inhibiting FSH and LH) -Forms blood/testes barrier to protect sperm from immune system |
|
|
Duct system anatomy |
Epididymis = maturation and storage for sperm
Ductus (Vas) deferens = transport sperm
Ejaculatory duct = mixes secretions to create sperm
Urethra = carries both urine and semen |
|
|
Accessory glands |
Seminal vesicles = contains fructose to nourish sperm Prostate gland = secretes acidic fluid which activates sperm Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland = secretions contains mucus for lubrication |
|
|
2 major tissues of the penis |
1. Corpus spongiosum = mass of spongy tissue surrounding the urethra; maintains a patent urethra 2. Corpora Cavernosa = A pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during erection |
|
|
Male reproductive physiology cycles |
Spermatogenesis - process produces 4 haploid sperm from 1 diploid stem cell
3 processes occur: -Mitosis -Meiosis I and II -Spermiogenesis |
|
|
Spermatogenesis - prenatal to puberty |
Mitosis occurs = cell division producing clones •Spermatogonia = Diploid cells (46 chromosomes) •Location = epithelial lining of seminiferous tubules •Function = Divide mitotically until puberty ● Spermatogonia differentiate to become a primary spermatocyte |
|
|
Spermatogenesis: puberty - death |
Meiosis occurs = requiring 2 divisions to reduce chromosome number in half Meiosis I = Start with primary spermatocyte (2n) divides end with 2 secondary spermatocytes (N) Meiosis II = Start 2 secondary spermatocyte (N) divide and end with 4 spermatids (N) |
|
|
GNRH (hormone) |
Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from Ant Pit |
|
|
FSH (hormone) |
Released from ant pit
Function = stimulates maturation of sex cells |
|
|
LH (hormone) |
Released from ant pit Function = stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone |
|
|
Testosterone function |
Function = develops secondary sexual characteristics; muscle and bone growth |
|
|
Inhibin (hormone) |
Function = inhibits FSH |
|
|
Structure of sperm cell |
1. Head a. Nucleus b. Acrosome 2. Midpiece - lots of mitochondria 3. Tail |
|
|
The hypothalamus releases... |
GnRH to ant pit |
|
|
Anterior pituitary secretes: |
•Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) = Stimulates spermatogenesis • Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Stimulates testosterone release |
|
|
Ovaries: structure & function |
Structure - outer connective tissue layer for support Function •Produce female gamete •hormones = estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Duct system (Female) |
Uterine/fallopian tubes = recieve ovulated oocyte by fimbrae sweeping it into tube •site of fertilization and tubal ligation Uterus = site of implantation/fetal growth Vagina = passageway for fetus/menstrual flow •pH acidic = inhibits microbial growth, keeps vagina healthy |
|
|
Uterus - 3 layers |
1. Perimetrium = outermost layer 2. Myomentrium = smooth muscle layer that contracts during childbirth (Oxytocin induced) 3. Endometrium = Mucosa layer where fertilized egg implants 4. Cervix = outlet to vagina |
|
|
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure |
Mons pubis = fatty rounded area covered w/ pubic hair overlying pubic symphysis Labia majora = hair covered fatty skin folds homologous to scrotum Labia minora = encloses urethra opening and vagina Clitoris = contains erectile tissue homologous to penis |
|
|
Oogenesis |
•process which produces 1 viable oocyte (haploid) and 3 polar bodies •occurs in ovary • 3 processes involved 1. Mitosis = prenatally 2. Meiosis I =Begins prenatally, then monthly 3. Meiosis II = Completed only if fertilization occurs |
|
|
Oogonia multiply by.... |
Mitosis |
|
|
All oogonua become __ oocytes surrounded by 1 layer of cells called ___ |
Primary Primordial follicle |
|
|
A "follicle" = |
An oocyte and the granulosa/follicular cells surrounding it |
|
|
Meiosis I ends with... |
Secondary oocyte = contains most organelles due to unequal cytokinesis Polar Body = Small cell containing nucleus |
|
|
Meiosis II starts with... |
Secondary oocyte One polar body |
|
|
Upon fertilization you end meiosis II with... |
One secondary oocyte 3 polar bodies |
|
|
Ovulation occurs around day.... |
14 of cycle |
|
|
Describe ovulation |
Follicle at most mature stage ejects the secondary oocyte and polar body together |
|
|
Corona radiata |
Layer of cells surrounding the oocyte to protect and nourish |
|
|
Zona pellucida |
Membrane with receptors to bind with sperm |
|
|
Loss of estrogen causes... |
Breakdown of bones Cardiovascular problems Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts |
|
|
3 stages of ovarian cycle... |
Follicular phase = day 1 - 12 Ovulation = day 12- 14 Luteal phase = day 15 - 28 |
|
|
3 stages of uterine cycle... |
Menstrual Phase = day 1 - 5 Proliferative phase = day 6 - 12 Secretory phase = day 15 - 28 |
|
|
In ovulation LH surges which causes... |
Ovary wall to rupture releasing secondary oocyte |
|
|
During the luteal phase, LH stimulates... |
Granulosa cells of corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
Progesterone and estrogen functions |
Maintains endometrium in uterus |
|
|
Low progesterone levels cause... |
Endometrial lining to shed = menses |
|
|
Estrogen stimulates... |
Repair of endometrium lining by increasing mitosis |
|
|
Progesterone stimulates endometrium to... |
To prepare for implantation to grow by increasing blood supply and mucus secretions |
|
|
Progesterone also stimulates formation of cervical plug = |
Block sperm entry |
|
|
When there is no implantation... |
Progesterone levels fall due to luteum deterioration Uterine arteries spasm cutting off blood supply Endometrial cells die = lost as menses |
|
|
hCG maintains corpus luteum which continues to... |
Produce progesterone to maintain endometrial lining |
