A&p Ii Reproduction System

Front 1

what are the primary sex organs (gonads) for both the males and females?

Back 1

males: testes
females: ovaries

Front 2

what do gonads produce and secrete?

Back 2

they produce sex cells called gametes and secrete sex hormones

Front 3

what are the accessory reproductive oragns

Back 3

ducts, glands and external genitalia

Front 4

what are the sex hormones in both males and females?

Back 4

males: androgens
females: estrogens and progesterone

Front 5

what three main things do sex hormones play a role in?

Back 5

-development and function of the reproductive organs
-sexual behavior and drives
-the growth and development of many other organs and tissues

Front 6

where are the testes found and what do they produce?

Back 6

found within the scrotum and produce sperm

Front 7

what are the 3 ducts sperm are delivered through ot the exterior?

Back 7

epididymis, ductus deferns and the urethra

Front 8

when do accessory sex glands (in the male) empty their secretions into the ducts?

Back 8

during ejaculation

Front 9

the accessory sex glands of the male are

Back 9

seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

Front 10

figure on slide 5

Back 10

know it and be able to trace the path of sperm starting in the testes

Front 11

each testis is surrounded by what?

Back 11

2 tunics: the tunica vaginalis and the tunica albuginea

Front 12

what divides the testis into lobules of seminiferous tubules?

Back 12

septa

Front 13

what do seminiferous tubules do?

Back 13

produce sperm

Front 14

what do seminiferous tubules converge to form?

Back 14

the tubulus rectus

Front 15

what does the tubulus rectos do?

Back 15

conveys sperm to rete testis

Front 16

fromthe rete testis, where do the sperm go?

Back 16

leave the testis via efferent ductules and enter the epididymis

Front 17

surrounding the seminiferous tubules are what? what do these cells produce?

Back 17

interstitial cells: produce androgens

Front 18

what do the nonmotile sperm enter, pass through its tubes and then become motile?

Back 18

the epididymis

Front 19

upon ejaculation, what does the epididymis do?

Back 19

contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens

Front 20

what do they ductus deferens (vas Deferens) run into?

Back 20

the pelvic cavity

Front 21

the terminus expands to form ______ and then joins duct of the _____ ______ to from the _____ ______.

Back 21

ampulla; seminal vesicle; ejaculatory duct

Front 22

what propels the sprem from the epididymis to the urethra?

Back 22

ductus deferens

Front 23

what is a vasectomy?

Back 23

cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is nearly 100% effective form of birth control

Front 24

what is the spermatic cord?

Back 24

encloses pSNS and SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the testes

Front 25

the penis is a copulatory organ; what does that mean?

Back 25

it delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

Front 26

what kind of tissue is found on the penis?

Back 26

erectile tissue

Front 27

where is the corpus spongiosum found?

Back 27

surrounding the urethra

Front 28

what are the corpora cavernosa?

Back 28

paired dorsal erectile bodies

Front 29

what does the urethra convey?

Back 29

both urine and semen: at different times

Front 30

what are the 2 regions of the urethra? describe them

Back 30

-prostatic: portion surrounded by prostate
-membranous
-spongy or penile: runs through penis and opens to outside at the external urethral orifice

Front 31

what is another name for bulbourethral glands

Back 31

cowper's gland

Front 32

describe the physical aspects of semen

Back 32

milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

Front 33

what does the semen provide?

Back 33

transport medium and nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, facilitates their movement

Front 34

what is the job of prostaglandins in semen?

Back 34

-decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix
-stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
-facilitate movement of sperm through female reproductive tract

Front 35

what is the pH of semen

Back 35

it is alkaline

Front 36

how must semen is usually ejaculated, how many sperm are in this amount?

Back 36

2-5 mL of semen ejaculated and 50-130 million sperm/mL

Front 37

during sexual arousal, what type of reflex promotes release of nitric oxide?

Back 37

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 38

what are the results of the release of nitric oxide?

Back 38

-NO vasodilation
-expansion of the corpora cavernosa
-corpus songiosum functions in keeping urethra open during ejaculation

Front 39

what does expansion of the copora cavernosa do?

Back 39

-compresses the drainage veins
-retards blood outflow and maintains engorgement

Front 40

erection initiated by sexual stimuli including...

Back 40

-touch and mechanical stimulation of penis
-erection can be induced or inhibited solely by emotional or higher mental activity

Front 41

define impotence

Back 41

inability to attain erection

Front 42

what is ejactulation?

Back 42

propulsion of semen from male duct system

Front 43

at ejaculation, sympathetic neurons serving the genital organs cause what 4 things?

Back 43

-reproductive ducts and accessory organs to contract and empty contents
-bladder sphincter muscle to constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine
-bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo rapid series of contractions
-propulsion of semen from urethra

Front 44

where does spermatogenesis occur?

Back 44

in the seminiferous tubule

Front 45

describe the meiosis section of spermatogenesis

Back 45

-half genetic material (diploid to haploid)
-spermatozoa genetically ready for fertilization

Front 46

what does mitosis mean?

Back 46

cell division

Front 47

figure on slide 16

Back 47

understand basics

Front 48

figure on slide 17

Back 48

have basic understanding

Front 49

testosterone is synthesized from what?

Back 49

cholesterol

Front 50

what does the prostate do to testosterone?

Back 50

converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) before it can bind within the nucleus

Front 51

what do the neurons do to testosterone?

Back 51

convert it in to estrogen to bring about stimulatory effects

Front 52

testosterone targets all accessory organs and its deficiency causes what?

Back 52

those accessory organs to atrophy

Front 53

testosterone is the basis of what in both males and females?

Back 53

libido

Front 54

what are the female accessory ducts?

Back 54

uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Front 55

what are the female internal genitalia?

Back 55

ovaries and the internal ducts

Front 56

what are the female external genitalia?

Back 56

external sex organs

Front 57

know figure on slide 20

Back 57

have it memorized

Front 58

paired organs on each side of the uterus are held in place by what 3 ligaments?

Back 58

ovarian, suspensory and mesovarium ligaments

Front 59

what are embedded in the ovary cortex?

Back 59

ovarian follicles

Front 60

each follicle consists of an immature egg called a what?

Back 60

oocyte

Front 61

what are the cells around the oocyte called?

Back 61

-follicle cells (one cell layer thick)
-granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)

Front 62

what is the primordial follicle?

Back 62

one layer of squamous follicle cells surrounds the oocyte

Front 63

what is the primary follicle?

Back 63

2 or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte

Front 64

what is the secondary follicle?

Back 64

fluid-filled space between granulosa cells forming a central antrum

Front 65

what are graafian follicle

Back 65

secondary follicle at a mature stage that bulges from surface of ovary

Front 66

what is ovulation

Back 66

ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle

Front 67

what is the corpus luteum?

Back 67

ruptured follicle after ovulation

Front 68

the uterine tubes have no contact with what?

Back 68

the ovaries

Front 69

where is the ovulated oocyte cast into?

Back 69

the peritoneal cavity

Front 70

how does the oocyte get into the uterine tube?

Back 70

by beating the cilia on the fimbriae creating currents to carry the oocyte

Front 71

how is the oocyte carried toward the uterus?

Back 71

by peristalsis and ciliary action

Front 72

what keeps the oocyte and the sperm nourished and moist?

Back 72

nonciliated cells

Front 73

describe the uterus

Back 73

hollow, thick-walled organ located in pelvis anterior to rectum and osterosuperior to bladder

Front 74

describe the body of the uterus

Back 74

major portion of uterus

Front 75

describe the fundus of the uterus

Back 75

rounded region superior to entrance of the uterine tubes

Front 76

describe the isthmus of the uterus

Back 76

narrowed region between the body and cervix

Front 77

what are the three layers that compose the uterine wall

Back 77

perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

Front 78

describe the perimetrium layer of the uterine wall

Back 78

outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum

Front 79

describe the myometrium layer of the uterine wall

Back 79

middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle

Front 80

describe the endometrium layer of the uterine wall

Back 80

mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Front 81

describe the endometrium in terms of the uterine glands

Back 81

it has numerous uterine glands that change in length as the endometrial thickness changes

Front 82

describe the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

Back 82

-undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
-is shed during menstruation

Front 83

describe the stratum basalis of the of the endometrium

Back 83

-forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends
-does not respond to ovarian hormones

Front 84

what does the degeneration and regeneration of spiral arteries cause?

Back 84

the functionalis to shed during menstruation

Front 85

describe the veins of the endometrium

Back 85

thin-walled with occasional sinusoidal enlargements

Front 86

describe the cervix

Back 86

narrow neck which projects into vagina inferiorly

Front 87

describe the cervical canal

Back 87

cavity of cervix that communicates with
-vagina via the external os
-uterine body via the internal os

Front 88

describe the cervical glands

Back 88

secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

Front 89

describe the vagina

Back 89

thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body

Front 90

what does the vagina provide?

Back 90

a passageway for birth, menstrual flow and is the organ of copulation

Front 91

what are the 6 external genitalia (aka vulva/pudendum)

Back 91

lies external to the vagina
-mons pubis
-labia majora
-labia minora
-greater vestibular glands
-clitoris
-perineum

Front 92

what is oogenesis?

Back 92

formation of oocytes in ovary
-unlike spermatogenesis because number of oocytes is determined by birth

Front 93

the monthly series of evens is associated with what?

Back 93

the maturation of an egg

Front 94

what is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Back 94

period of follicle growth (days 1-14)

Front 95

what are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

Back 95

follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase

Front 96

describe the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle

Back 96

occurs midcycle

Front 97

describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Back 97

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)

Front 98

describe the uterine (menstrual) cycle

Back 98

series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood

Front 99

what are the 3 phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle

Back 99

menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase

Front 100

describe the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

Back 100

uterus sheds all but the deepes part of the endometrium: days 1-5

Front 101

describe the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

Back 101

endometrium rebuilds itself: days 6-14

Front 102

describe the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

Back 102

endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo: days 15-28

Front 103

FSH is critical for development of what?

Back 103

follicle including oocyte

Front 104

ovulation is characterized by what?

Back 104

an LH "surge"

Front 105

corpus luteum causes rise in estrogen and progesterone during what phase?

Back 105

luteal phase

Front 106

what triggers the changes in uterine lining?

Back 106

estrogen and progesterone

Front 107

what leads to menses?

Back 107

regression of corpus luteum

Front 108

estrogen levels rising during puberty promote what?

Back 108

oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary

Front 109

estrogen levels rising during puberty exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract: describe...

Back 109

-uterine tubes, uterus and vagina grow larger and become functional
-uterine tubes and uterus exhibit enhanced motility
-vaginal mucosa thickens and external genitalia mature

Front 110

estrogen levels rising during puberty allow for what physical characteristics to develop

Back 110

secondary sex characteristics

Front 111

what is menopause characterized by?

Back 111

decline in estrogen levels and lack of menstrual periods