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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the anatomic structure that divides the scrotum externally
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RAPHE
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Name the muscle that is part of the scrotal septum
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DARTOS
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Name the muscle that is a continuation of the internal oblique muscle that, when contracted, pull each testis closer to the body for warmth
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CREMASTER
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What temperature range is required for normal spermatogenesis?
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2-3 DEGREES CENTIGRADE BELOW CORE BODY TEMPERATURE
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Describe the tunica vaginalis
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MOST SUPERFICIAL TISSUE THAT PARTIALLY COVERS THE TESTES AND IS DERIVED FROM THE PERITONEUM
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Describe a hydrocele
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AN ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF SEROUS FLUID WITHIN THE TUNICA VAGINALIS
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Describe the tunica albunigea
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INNERMOST DENSE TISSUE LAYER THAT COVERS THE TESTES. THE TISSUE EXTENDS INWARD AS SEPTA THAT DIVIDE THE TESTES INTO LOBULES.
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Where are Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells located?
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SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES.
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Name 2 substances that stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP):
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FSH
TESTOSTERONE |
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From what cell type is ABP is secreted from?
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SERTOLI CELLS
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Briefly explain the primary function of ABP:
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IT BINDS TESTOSTERONE LOCALLY WITHIN THE TESTES|TESTOSTERONE STIMULATES THE FINAL STEPS OF SPERMATOGENESIS
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Name the hormone secreted from Sertoli cells:
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`
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What is the primary function of inhibin?
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INHIBIN REGULATES SPERMATOGENESIS BY EXERTING FEEDBACK INHIBITION ON SECRETION OF FSH FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
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Name the hormone secreted by Leydig cells:
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TESTOSTERONE
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Describe the location of Leydig cells:
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THEY ARE SCATTERED WITHIN INTERSTITIAL TISSUE LOCATED BETWEEN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
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Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in tissue target cells. Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction:
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5 ALPHA-REDUCTASE
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List the 3 tissues that synthesize this enzyme:
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PROSTATE GLAND|EXTERNAL GENITALS|SKIN
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Testosterone activity is very important for the prenatal male. Briefly explain why:
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ADEQUATE TESTOSTERONE SECRETION IS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL TESTICULAR DESCENT INTO THE SCROTUM
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What is the major effect of DHT in the prenatal male?
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
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Name the male hormone that produces unwelcome changes to hair distribution on the scalp of some males (and some females):
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DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT)
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Where does spermatogenesis occur?
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WITHIN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
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Name the hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone:
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
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Name the 2 hormones that stimulate spermatogenesis:
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FSH
TESTOSTERONE |
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At puberty, a spermatogonium undergoes what type of cell division? How many and what type of cell(s) is/are produced from this process? How many chromosomes (or chromosome pairs) are contained in each cell?
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MITOSIS
TWO SPERMATOGONIA ARE PRODUCED, EACH HAVING 46 CHROMOSOMES (23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS) |
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What are precursor stem cells? Where are they located? What function do they serve?
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precursor stem cells are spermatogonia that reside near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule|they provide a steady supply of new spermatogonia that will go on to mature into sperm cells
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Spermatogonia divide and develop in tight junctions. What are tight junctions? Where are they located? What important function do they perform?
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tight junctions are very narrow spaces between two adjoining sertoli cells|they form the blood-testis barrier|this barrier prevents formation of autoantibodies against developing and mature sperm
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What is a primary spermatocyte? From what cell does it evolve? How many chromosomes (or chromosome pairs) does it have?
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A SPERMATOGONIUM DIFFERENTIATES INTO A PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE AS IT BEGINS TO MOVE THROUGH THE TIGHT JUNCTIONS|IT HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES (23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS).
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A primary spermatocyte undergoes a specialized form of cell division. Name it
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MEIOSIS
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List the 3 processes that occur in the primary spermatocyte during meiosis I:
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DNA (CHROMOSOME) REPLICATION
TETRAD FORMATION CROSSING-OVER |
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What is the purpose for the 3 processes named above?
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TO INSURE THAT EACH SPERM CELL PRODUCED IS GENETICALLY DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER.
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The final stage of spermatogenesis is known as:
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SPERMIOGENESIS
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What occurs during the final stage of spermatogenesis?
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DEVELOPMENT (OR MATURATION) OF SPERMATIDS INTO SPERM CELLS; |HOWEVER, THE 4 SPERMATIDS REMAIN CONNECTED BY CYTOPLASMIC BRIDGES
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Define spermiation
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THE PROCESS WHEREBY INDIVIDUAL SPERM CELLS ARE RELEASED INTO THE LUMEN OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE
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What is an acrosome? Where is it located? What is its primary function?
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the acrosome is a cap-like structure that covers the anterior 2/3 of the sperm head|the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that enable sperm penetration of a secondary oocyte (fertilization)
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Mitochondria are located in which part of a mature sperm cell?
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THE MIDDLE PIECE OF THE TAIL
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How long do sperm cells normally survive once they are ejaculated into the female reproductive tract?
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48 HOURS
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Where is the epididymis located? Can it be palpated (felt) during a testicular exam?
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THE EPIDIDYMUS IS LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE TESTES WITHIN THE SCROTUM|IT CAN BE PALPATED DURING A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
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Name the major structure within the epididymis that contains mature sperm cells:
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DUCTUS EPIDIDYMIS
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Name 2 functions that this structure performs:
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ABSORBS DEGENERATED SPERM|PROPELS SPERM DURING EJACULATION
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Name the 2 primary functions of the vas (ductus) deferens:
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SPERM STORAGE
PROPELS SPERM DURING EJACULATION |
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Describe the path that the vas (ductus) deferens takes from the tail of the epididymis to the ampulla:
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tail of the epididymus, |through the inguinal canal (via the spermatic cord),
into the pelvic cavity, loops over ipsilateral ureter, |passes down posterior surface of the bladder ending in the ampulla |
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List all the structures contained in the spermatic cord:
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VAS DEFERENS
TESTICULAR ARTERY PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS OF VEINS CREMASTER MUSCLE AUTONOMIC NERVES LYMPH VESSELS |
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Describe a variococele
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DILATION OF THE PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS OF VEINS DUE TO DEFECTIVE VENOUS VALVES|ALMOST ALWAYS OCCURS ON THE LEFT SIDE
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The inguinal canal is a passageway for 3 structures in the male. Name them:
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SPERMATIC CORD
BRANCH OF THE ILIOINGUINAL NERVE BRANCH OF THE GENITOFEMORAL NERVE |
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Ducts from the seminal vesicles join with the ampulla of the vas deferens forming what structure(s)?
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EJACULATORY DUCTS
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What is the function of the structures named above?
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THE EJACULATORY DUCTS EJECT SPERM AND SEMINAL VESICLE FLUID INTO THE PROSTATIC
URETHRA |
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Name the 3 parts of the male urethra
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PROSTATIC
MEMBRANOUS SPONGY (PENILE) |
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Seminal vesicles supply what percent of semen volume?
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60%
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Seminal vesicle fluid is viscous and the pH is normally ACIDIC / ALKALINE
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ALKALINE
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List the 3 substances within seminal vesicle fluid and the function of each:
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fructose: for atp production
prostaglandins: for sperm motility semenogelin: a clotting protein that coagulates semen shortly after ejaculation |
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The prostate gland supplies what percent of semen volume?
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APPROX 25%
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Prostatic fluid has an ALKALINE / ACIDIC pH
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ACIDIC
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List the 4 substances within prostatic fluid and the function of each:
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citric acid: for atp production
seminalplasmin: antibiotic acid phosphatase (no function discussed) prostate-specific antigen (psa): liquefies semen |
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Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is easily assayed in the laboratory and is commonly used as a plasma marker for what serious medical condition?
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PROSTATIC ENLARGEMENT THAT CAN INDICATE BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY,
PROSTATE CANCER, OR PROSTATITIS |
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What are Cowper’s glands?
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AKA BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
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Cowper’s glands secrete a mucous-like fluid during sexual arousal. What are the 3 main functions of this fluid?
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LUBRICATION OF THE URETHRA
SPERM PROTECTION ACID NEUTRALIZATION OF URETHRA AND VAGINA |
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What are the 2 components of semen?
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SPERM
SEMINAL FLUID |
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Semen normally coagulates within what time frame?
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5 MINUTES
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Semen liquefaction should occur how many minutes after ejaculation?
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10-20
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semen liquefaction does NOT occur normally, how does this affect sperm motility/forward movement?
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IF SEMEN REMAINS COAGULATED, MOST SPERM WILL BE PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY IMMOBILIZED WHICH MAY INHIBIT FERTILIZATION
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Name 3 functions of seminal fluid:
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ACTS AS A TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR SPERM
PROVIDES NUTRIENTS TO SPERM PROTECTS SPERM |
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Name the structures that compose the penile root:
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BULB
CRURA |
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Name the ligaments connecting the penile root to the body and the origin of each ligament:
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SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT: PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
FUNDIFORM LIGAMENTS: LINEA ALBA |
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The penile bulb is the expanded portion of the base of what structure?
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CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
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Describe the crura:
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THE CRURA ARE THE TAPERED ENDS OF THE 2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA
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Name the 2 dorsolateral cylindrical masses of erectile tissue contained in the penile body:
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CORPORA CAVERNOSA
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Name the one midventral cylindrical mass of erectile tissue contained in the penile body:
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CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
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Name the anatomic structure that is contained within the structure named above
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THE SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA
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The penile bulb is enclosed by a muscle. Name it:
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BULBOSPONGIOSIS MUSCLE
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The penile crura are enclosed by a muscle. Name it:
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ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS MUSCLE
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All erectile tissue identified above contain structures that fill with blood causing an erection. Name them:
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(BLOOD) SINUSES
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List the 3 structures that compose the glans penis:
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CORONA
PREPUCE (FORESKIN)FRENULUM |
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is involved in local release of nitric oxide that affects penile erection?
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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List the actions of nitric oxide:
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RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THE WALLS OF ARTERIOLES THAT SUPPLY THE CORPORA
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How is an erection maintained
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AS BLOOD SINUSES FILL, EXPANSION OF THE CORPORA COMPRESSES VEINS THAT DRAIN THE PENIS
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What is emission? Can a woman become pregnant if a male withdraws his penis prior to ejaculation?
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emission is the very slight discharge of clear fluid from the cowper’s glands to the exterior prior to ejaculation|a woman can become pregnant because this fluid contains live sperm cells
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Nervous system stimulation causes rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle that lines ducts and accessory glands of the male reproductive tract causing emission. What division of the ANS is responsible for this?
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SYMPATHETIC
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Ejaculation of semen occurs via contraction of which muscles?
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BULBOSPONGIOSUS AND ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS
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List and describe the 4 parts of the uterus:
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FUNDUS: SUPERIOR PORTION
BODY: CENTRAL PORTION ISTHMUS: NARROW, SHORT PORTION B/W THE BODY AND CERVIX CERVIX: INFERIOR PORTION |
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List the 2 main cell types of the cervix and their location
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squamous: on the cervical surface (ectocervix)
columnar: on the endocervical surface (usually) but may extend onto the ectocervix depending on the age of the female |
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The squamocolumnar junction has another name. What is it?
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THE TRANSITION ZONE (T-ZONE).
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How does cervical mucous change during ovulation?
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- the normal viscous fluid becomes less viscous during mid-cycle (ovulation)
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What is the function of cervical mucous?
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cervical mucous acts as a sperm “reservoir” providing supplemental energy sources and protecting sperm from phagocytosis by the females immune cells
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List the 3 tissue layers of the uterus
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PERIMETRIUM
MYOMETRIUM ENDOMETRIUM |
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Which tissue layer named above extends laterally as the broad ligament?
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PERIMETRIUM
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Describe the location of the vesicouterine pouch:
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THE VESICOUTERINE POUCH IS LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE BLADDER AND ANTERIOR TO THE UTERUS
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Describe the location of the rectouterine pouch
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THE RECTOUTERINE POUCH IS LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE UTERUS AND ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM
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Herniation of small bowel into which structure (named above) causes an enterocele?
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RECTOUTERINE POUCH
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Oxytocin secretion during labor and delivery stimulates contraction of muscles within which tissue layer of the uterus?
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MYOMETRIUM
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List the 2 layers of the endometrium
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STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS
STRATUM BASALIS |
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Which endometrium layer is the permanent layer?
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STRATUM BASALIS
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Straight arterioles supply blood to which tissue layer of the uterus?
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STRATUM BASILIS
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Spiral arteries supply blood to which tissue layer of the uterus?
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STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS
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List the 3 regions of a fallopian tube
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INFUNDIBULUM
AMPULLA ISTHMUS |
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Which region has fimbriae?
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THE INFUNDIBULUM
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What is the function of fimbriae?
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FIMBRIAE MOVE AND CREATE LOCAL CURRENTS IN PELVIC FLUID THAT DRAW THE OVULATED SECONDARY OOCYTE INTO THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
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In which section of the fallopian tube does fertilization usually take place?
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THE AMPULLA
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List the 3 tissue layers of the fallopian tubes:
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MUCOSA
MUSCULARIS SEROSA |
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The mucosa layer of the fallopian tube contains structures that assist with movement of the fertilized ovum. Name them:
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CILIA
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What is/are the function(s) of peg cells?
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THEY SECRETE FLUID CONTAINING NUTRIENTS FOR THE FERTILIZED OVUM AND SPERM
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List the 4 uterine supporting ligaments
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Broad Ligament
Round Ligaments Uterosacral Ligaments Cardinal Ligaments |
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Where is the Broad Ligament point of attachment
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Broad Ligament: Attached To The Lateral Surfaces Of The Uterus And Extend To The Pelvic Wall
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Where is the Round Ligament point of attachment
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Round Ligaments: Extend From The Part Of The Uterus Just Inferior To The Fallopian Tubes To The Deeper Portions Of The Labia Majora
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Where is the Uterosacral Ligament point of attachment
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Uterosacral Ligaments: Attached To The Lower Portion Of The Uterus Anchoring It To The Sacrum
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Where is the Cardinal Ligament point of attachment
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Cardinal Ligaments: Anchors The Cervix And Vagina To The Pelvic Wall
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The uterus can be maintained in 4 general positions within the pelvic cavity. List and briefly describe each position:
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Anteversion: the usual position
the entire uterus is tilted forward over the bladder Retroversion: the entire uterus is tilted over the rectum Anteflexion: the uterus is flexed anteriorly Retroflexion: the uterus is flexed posteriorly |
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The vaginal canal contains transverse tissue ridges known as:
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MUCOSAL RUGAE.
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What is the normal anatomic orientation of the vaginal canal (from the vaginal orifice to internally)?
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SUPERIORLY AND POSTERIORLY
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What is the vaginal fornix? Where is it located?
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IT IS A CIRCULAR RECESS (OR VAULT) THAT “SURROUNDS” THE CERVIX (AT THE POINT WHERE THE DISTAL VAGINA ATTACHES TO THE CERVIX
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List the 3 tissue layers of the vagina:
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MUCOSA
MUSCULARIS ADVENTITIA |
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Which of the 3 tissue layers named above have glycogen stores? What is the function of glycogen stores?
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THE MUCOSA
GLYCOGEN STORES CREATE AN ACID ENVIRONMENT IN THE VAGINA THAT PREVENTS OVERGROWTH OF BACTERIA BUT IS NOT “SPERM-FRIENDLY” |
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Name the soft tissue mound that cushions the pubic symphysis:
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MONS PUBIS
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Paraurethral glands are a homolog of which male structure?
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PROSTATE GLAND
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What is another name for the paraurethral glands?
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SKENE’S GLANDS
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What is the name of the female glands that are a homolog of the male bulbourethral glands? What is their primary function?
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BARTHOLIN’S (GREATER VESTIBULAR) |THEY SECRETE A SMALL AMOUNT OF MUCOUS DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL
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The perineum is bounded by what anatomic structures?
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PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES, AND THE COCCYX
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Name the structures contained in the urogenital triangle
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EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND URETHRAL ORIFICE
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The nipple of the breast possesses tiny openings to what structures?
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LACTIFEROUS DUCTS
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Why does the areola contain modified sebaceous glands?
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THE GLANDS SECRETE AN OILY SUBSTANCE THAT KEEPS THE TISSUE OF THE AREOLA AND NIPPLE MOIST AND SUPPLE DURING NURSING
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Name the ligament(s) that support the breasts
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SUSPENSORY (COOPER’S) LIGAMENTS
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The mammary gland of the breast is divided into 15-20
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LOBES.
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Name the structures within the mammary gland that synthesize and secrete milk:
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ALVEOLI
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Where are myoepithelial cells located?
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THEY SURROUND EACH ALVEOLUS
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What is the function of myoepithelial cells?
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THEY CONTRACT AND PROPE MILK TOWARD THE NIPPLE
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Name the hormone that affects the function of myoepithelial cells:
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OXYTOCIN
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Name the hormone that stimulates development of alveoli:
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PROGESTERONE
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Describe ovulation
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release of the secondary oocyte with its surrounding zona pellucida and corona radiata into the pelvic cavity|the first polar body is released into the pelvic cavity as well.
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Ovulation usually occurs on what day of a woman’s monthly cycle?
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DAY 14
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After ovulation, the empty follicle remaining on the surface of the ovary develops into what structure?
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CORPUS LUTEUM
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Development of the CORPUS LUTEUM is dependent on a hormone. Name it:
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LH
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List the names of the 2 major hormones secreted by the corpus luteum
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PROGESTERONE
ESTROGEN |
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If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum “regresses”. What is the name of this structure?
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CORPUS ALBICANS
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What happens to the corpus luteum if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?
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IT DOES NOT DEGENERATE|IT CONTINUES TO SECRETE HORMONES FOR THE FIRST FEW MONTHS OF PREGNANCY UNTIL THE PLACENTA BEGINS TO SECRETE PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN
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The entire female reproductive cycle includes 2 “cycles” that correspond with the reproductive organs. Name them:
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OVARIAN AND UTERINE
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In addition to the OVARY AND UTERUS, hormone changes during a female reproductive cycle affect 2 other tissues. Name them:
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MAMMARY GLANDS
CERVIX |
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Which hormone stimulates initial follicular development in the ovaries?
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FSH
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Which hormone stimulates initial estrogen secretion by follicular granulosa cells?
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FSH
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) has many functions. List the 2 MAJOR functions of LH emphasized in your handout:
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STIMULATES OVULATION|STIMULATES FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM
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Which type of estrogen is secreted in the greatest quantity?
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BETA ESTRADIOL
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Name the 2 tissues/cells that secrete estrogen:
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FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS
CORPUS LUTEUM |
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Estrogen stimulates development and maintenance of:
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THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS MAMMARY GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY |
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High levels of estrogen in the absence of which hormone stimulates secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH stimulating ovulation?
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PROGESTERONE
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What effect does a moderate level of estrogen acting with progesterone have on GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion?
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SECRETION OF ALL IS INHIBITED
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Describe progesterone effects on the endometrial lining:
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PROMOTES POST-OVULATORY SECRETORY CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM
(PREPARES ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION OF THE FERTILIZED OVUM) |
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Decreased progesterone and estrogen secretion at the end of the female reproductive cycle initiates
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MENSTRUATION.
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How is secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH affected by decreased estrogen and progesterone secretion at the end of the female cycle?
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SECRETION OF ALL IS STIMULATED| (FEEDBACK INHIBITION IS NO LONGER OCCURRING)
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Briefly explain WHY estrogen and progesterone secretion decreases significantly near the end of a non-fertile female cycle
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THE CORPUS LUTEUM DEGENERATED
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What tissues/cells secrete inhibin? What is the function of inhibin in the female?
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FOLLICULAR GRANULOSA CELLS AND THE CORPUS LUTEUM|INHIBIN INHIBITS FSH SECRETION
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What is the function of relaxin in the female? Name the tissues that secrete relaxin
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The Corpus Luteum: Inhibits Uterine Contractions Facilitating Implantation
The Placenta: Relaxes The Pubic Symphysis And Helps Dilate The Cervil During Labor And Delivery |
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List the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle:
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MENSTRUAL
PRE-OVULATORY OVULATION POST-OVULATORY |
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The following questions refer to the menstrual phase of the female reproductive cycle: |This phase normally occurs on which days of a monthly cycle?
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1-5
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The following questions refer to the menstrual phase of the female reproductive cycle: FSH secretion is occurring during this phase. Why does FSH secretion increase at this time?
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FSH SECRETION INC B/C ITS SECRETION IS RELEASED FROM NEG FEEDBACK INHIBITION – |DUE TO DECREASED ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE FROM THE PREVIOUS CYCLE.
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The following questions refer to the menstrual phase of the female reproductive cycle: |What event occurs in the ovaries?
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GROWTH OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FOLLICLES OCCURS
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The following questions refer to the menstrual phase of the female reproductive cycle: |What is occurring in the uterus? (Name the endometrial tissue layer that is most affected during this phase)
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THE STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS LAYER OF THE ENDOMETRIUM RESPONDS TO DECREASED PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN BY SLOUGHING OFF (SHEDDING)
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle:|This phase normally occurs from day 6 until what event?
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OVULATION
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle:|What phase of the ovarian cycle is occurring now?
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FOLLICULAR PHASE
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Name the 2 hormones secreted by the graafian follicle:
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ESTROGEN
INHIBIN |
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |What phase of the uterine cycle is occurring now?
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PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Which hormone stimulates cells within the stratum basalis to undergo mitosis?
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ESTROGEN
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |This results in restoration of what endometrial layer
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STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS
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The following questions refer to the pre-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle:|Name the blood vessels that grow into the stratum layer named above:
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SPIRAL ARTERIOLES
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The following questions refer to ovulation: |This event normally occurs on or about what day of a monthly cycle?
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DAY 14
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The following questions refer to ovulation: |High levels of estrogen, in the absence of progesterone, exerts positive feedback at the level of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. This results in increased secretion of which hormones
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GnRH
LH FSH |
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The following questions refer to ovulation: |A “surge” of one of the hormones named in above stimulates ovulation. Name the hormone
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LH
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The following questions refer to ovulation: |Occasionally, a tiny amount of blood may seep from the remnant of the graafian follicle after ovulation; therefore, the structure is sometimes referred to as a:
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CORPUS HEMORRHAGICUM
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The following questions refer to ovulation: |List 3 physical signs/symptoms of ovulation:
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BODY TEMPERATURE
THE CERVIX SOFTENS AND THE OS DILATES, PLUS CERVICAL MUCOUS BECOMES MORE ALKALINE ABDOMINAL (PELVIC) PAIN MAY OCCUR (MITTELSCHMERZ) |
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |What phase of the ovarian cycle is occurring now?
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LUTEAL PHASE
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |LH acts on the corpus luteum causing secretion of 3 hormones. Name them
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ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE RELAXIN |
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Inhibin release from the corpus luteum has what effect on FSH and LH secretion?
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INHIBITS
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |What phases of the uterine cycle are occurring now?
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THE SECRETORY PHASE AND THE LAST PART OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Describe all of the changes occurring in the endometrium:
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Endometrial Glands Proliferate And Secrete Glycogen
Maximal Endometrial Thickening Occurs Along With Increased Blood Vessel Growth Into The Stratum Functionalis Occurs |
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Name the 2 hormones responsible for the changes listed above:
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PROGESTERONE
ESTROGEN |
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |If fertilization does NOT occur during this cycle, 3 events occur. List them:
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THE CORPUS LUTEUM DEGENERATES
PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN LEVELS DECREASE MENSTRUATION OCCURS |
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The following questions refer to the post-ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle: |Normally, there is a ????? DAY window of opportunity for fertilization.
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THREE
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Name the substance in semen that stimulates uterine contractions that assist sperm movement from the vaginal canal to the fallopian tubes:
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PROSTAGLANDINS
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Of approximately 300 million sperm deposited in the vagina, approximately how many reach the oocyte?
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200
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Sperm within the vicinity of the ovulated secondary oocyte undergo a 7-hour “conditioning” period prior to one of them fertilizing the oocyte. What is the name of this conditioning period?
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SPERM CAPACITATION
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Name 2 changes that occur in sperm cells during this time period:
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Increased motility
Changes in the plasma membrane of the sperm cell to prepare it to fuse with the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte |
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Name the glycoprotein within the zona pellucida that acts as a sperm receptor:
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ZP3
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Define polyspermy:
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MORE THAN ONE SPERM PENETRATES THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE SECONDARY OOCYTE
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Once a sperm cell enters the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte, the oocyte completes what process?
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MEIOSIS II
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List the 2 structures generated at the completion of MEIOSIS II
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THE OVUM (HAPLOID)
A SECOND POLAR BODY |
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The nuclei of the sperm and ovum are known as
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MALE AND FEMALE) PRONUCLEI
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What is a zygote?
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THE FERTILIZED OVUM AFTER FUSION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE PRONUCLEI
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Implantation of the morula into the endometrium occurs approximately how many days after fertilization?
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4 to 5
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by what tissue?
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TROPHOBLAST
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hCG secretion peaks at the ????? gestational week
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9TH
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What effect does hCG have on the corpus luteum? |Why is this important?
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it “rescues” (maintains) the corpus luteum for several weeks (into the 3rd gestational month) |the corpus luteum must continue to secrete progesterone and estrogens maintaining the pregnancy (the endometrium) until the placenta secretes estrogen and progesterone
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hCG is usually detectable in urine how many days after fertilization?
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14 DAYS
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hCG is usually detectable in serum at approximately how many days after fertilization?
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5 DAYS
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