A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 2/14

Front 1

Pulmonary Ventilation –

Back 1

Breathing

Front 2

External respiration –

Back 2

oxygen in lungs to blood, carbon dioxide in blood to lungs

Front 3

Transport –

Back 3

in blood stream

Front 4

Internal respiration –

Back 4

oxygen in blood to tissues carbon dioxide in tissues to blood

Front 5

Path of intake:

Back 5

Nose and nasal passages ->
Pharynx ->
Larynx –>
Trachea - >
Bronchi and smaller branches ->
Lungs and alveoli

Front 6

Respiratory zone –

Back 6

sites of gas exchange between lungs and blood. Begin at respiratory bronchioles (microscopic)

Front 7

Conducting zone –

Back 7

All other (ie: Not the respiratory zone) structures the air passes through.

Front 8

Purpose of the nasal conchea

Back 8

– Clean, moisten, and warm air as it enters the body.

Front 9

Rhinitis –

Back 9

Cold symptoms caused by streptococcal bacteria. Can continues down respitory tract or paranasal sinuses.

Front 10

Tonsils –

Back 10

Help to trap and prevent infections

Front 11

Auditory tubes –

Back 11

open from the middle ear down into the nasopharnyx. Important for pressure balance but can lead to an ear infection

Front 12

Larnyx –

Back 12

(voice box). Routes food into the esophagus and is location of voice production. Includes cartilages and true vocal cords. Stratified squamous epithelium above larynx, ciliated columnar below.

Front 13

Adam’s apple –

Back 13

Hyaline cartilage found over the thyroid. During puberty, testosterone increases the size of this.

Front 14

Voice Production –

Back 14

Muscles connected to the cartilage of the larynx change the tension of the vocal cords. Wide = deep pitch and narrow = high pitch. Testosterone increases length and thickness.

Front 15

Laryngitis –

Back 15

swollen vocal cords.

Front 16

Right bronchus –

Back 16

shorter and more vertical. The common site of a lodged object. Branches into three secondary bronchi (therefore three lobes on the right side)

Front 17

Left bronchus –

Back 17

Branches into two bronchi. Left lung is smaller because of cardiac notch for heart. Branching occurs a total of 23 times.

Front 18

Terminal Bronchioles –

Back 18

The last branches of the bronchioles. Supply the respiratory bronchioles with air.

Front 19

Respiratory bronchioles –

Back 19

lead to alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs

Front 20

Alveolar sac –

Back 20

Cluster of alveoli.

Front 21

Alveoli –

Back 21

site of gas exchange. Very thin; a single layer of simple squamous ET. Covered with pulmonary capillaries.

Front 22

Gas moves by ________

Back 22

diffusion

Front 23

Surfactant (Type II) cells -

Back 23

secrete surfactant, which decreases surface tension in the alveolus to prevent collapse. Lack of surfactant can lower lung compliance.

Front 24

Alveolar macrophages –

Back 24

crawl around and keep surfaces sterile. ~2 million an hour are used up.

Front 25

Bronchopulmonary segments –

Back 25

separated by connective tissues and is each served with it’s own pulmonary vein and arteries. One can be removed without compromising the rest of the lung.

Front 26

Pulmonary capillaries –

Back 26

contain blood pumped from the right ventricle.

Front 27

Bronchial capillaries –

Back 27

provide oxygen to lung tissues

Front 28

____________ innervation of the lungs constricts bronchioles.

Back 28

Parasympathetic

Front 29

Pleurae –

Back 29

double-layered membrane that secretes serosal fluid to decrease friction. Separates right and left lung (important because pleura can be punctured)

Front 30

Plerual effusion –

Back 30

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity (sometimes from right-heart failure)

Front 31

Pressure –

Back 31

atmospheric is 760 mmHg and respiratory pressure is about 4 mmHg less (So 754 mmHg)

Front 32

Respiratory pressure –

Back 32

about 754 mmHg.

Front 33

Intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar) –

Back 33

Ppul = pressure inside alveolus

Front 34

Intraplueral pressure –

Back 34

pip= pressure within the pleural cavity. ALWAYS ~4 mmHg less than Ppul

Front 35

If _________ = _________, lungs wills collapse

Back 35

Pip…Ppul

Front 36

Steps of “quiet” inspiration:

Back 36

1) Diaphagm and intercostals contract, 2) ppul decreases, and 3) air rushes in.
Space in thoracic cavity is increased by ~500 mL by: diaphragm contracting and external intercostal muscles contracting.

Front 37

“Forced inspiration” –

Back 37

SCM, scalenes and back muscles contribute to decrease ppul.

Front 38

Steps of “quiet” expiration –

Back 38

1) Diaphragm and intercostals relax, decreasing space in thorax. 2) Ppul increases since volume had decreased. (about -1 mmHg) 3)Air rushes out since atmospheric pressure is now less than Ppul.

Front 39

“Forced” Expiration” –

Back 39

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contribute to increase Ppul even further.

Front 40

Lung compliance –

Back 40

ease of expansion of lung tissue. Compliance is decreased in certain diseases (ie: tuberculosis). Lack o surfactant also decreases lung compliance.

Front 41

Respiratory volume: Tidal -

Back 41

~500 mL

Front 42

Respiratory Volume: Inspiratory Reserve –

Back 42

2100-3200mL

Front 43

Respiratory Volume: Expiratory Reserve –

Back 43

1000-1200mL

Front 44

Respiratory Volume: Residual –

Back 44

1200 mL

Front 45

Respiratory Capacity: Inspiratory capacity –

Back 45

Tidal volume +Inspiratory reserve volume

Front 46

Respiratory Capacity: Functional residual capacity –

Back 46

residual volume + expiratory volume

Front 47

Respiratory Capacity: Vital capacity –

Back 47

Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Front 48

Total lung capacity –

Back 48

sum of all capacities. About ~6000 mL

Front 49

Dead air –

Back 49

air that is not involved in gas exchange

Front 50

PO2 Alveolus –

Back 50

104 mmHg

Front 51

PCO2 Alveolus –

Back 51

40 mmHg

Front 52

PO2 Tissues –

Back 52

40 mmHg (vs. 104 mmHg in alveolus)

Front 53

PCO2 Tissues –

Back 53

45 mmHg (vs 40 mmHg in the alveolus)

Front 54

Key point of PO2 in alveolus and the PO2 in the tissue:

Back 54

Oxygen diffuses very quickly from the alveolus into the pulmonary capillaries (useful when exercising and blood is pumping quickly)

Front 55

When hemoglobin has oxygen on all 4 heme groups, it is ________

Back 55

saturated

Front 56

Hemoglobin gives up its oxygen most easily in:

Back 56

low oxygen, low blood pH, high carbon dioxide, and high temperature

Front 57

Oxygen Saturation –

Back 57

Percentage of hemoglobin’s oxygen carrying capacity is currently being utilized.

Front 58

“CADET face right!” –

Back 58

Increase in CO2, Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise and Temperature leads to oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to shift to the right.

Front 59

Hypoxia –

Back 59

inadequate oxygen delivered to the tissues

Front 60

Anemic hypoxia –

Back 60

too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin

Front 61

Ischemia hypoxia –

Back 61

blocked circulation

Front 62

Histotoxic hypoxia –

Back 62

poisons (cyanide) blocks cellular respiration

Front 63

Hypoxemic hypoxia –

Back 63

low arterial PO2 due to drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, or emphysema.

Front 64

H+ ions in the RBC influence hemoglobin to release O2 ________

Back 64

more easily

Front 65

Since _________ buffers the freed H+, blood pH drops only slightly

Back 65

hemoglobin

Front 66

_______ is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it enters the RBCs and is converted back into CO2

Back 66

HCO3-

Front 67

HCO3 in the blood is a good buffer because it can soak up extra ______ ions so that the pH of the blood doesn’t actually change

Back 67

H+ (kidneys can also secrete bicarbonate also (though slower acting))

Front 68

Medulla oblongata’s two controls of breathing –

Back 68

Ventral respiratory group and dorsal respiratory group.

Front 69

Ventral respiratory group –

Back 69

Inspiratory neurons fire APs down phrenic and intercostal nerves to stimulate diaphragm and external intercostals.
Expiratory neurons fire and inhibit inspiratory.

Front 70

Dorsal respiratory group –

Back 70

sends chemoreceptor information to the ventral respiratory group.

Front 71

Pontine Respiratory group – .

Back 71

in the pons, and receives input from diencephalon and cerebrum to modify basic heart beat.

Front 72

High concentrations of CO2 in _______________ __________ becomes HCO3 and H+, which triggers respiratory centers.

Back 72

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 73

Emphysema –

Back 73

destruction of alveolar walls

Front 74

Chronic bronchitis –

Back 74

excess mucus

Front 75

Asthma –

Back 75

inflammation of the airways

Front 76

Tuberculosis –

Back 76

bacterial infection, can be asymptomatic until someone is immunosupressed

Front 77

Lung cancer –

Back 77

leading cause of cancer in north America.

Front 78

Layers of respiratory membranes –

Back 78

alveolar endothelial, areolar connective, and capillary endothelial.

Front 79

Mediastinum –

Back 79

Connective tissue that separates the two sides of the lungs.

Front 80

Adenoid tonsils –

Back 80

can swell up and lead to sleep apnea

Front 81

Palatine tonsils –

Back 81

tissues with lots of white blood cells.

Front 82

Upper respitory:

Back 82

external nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx

Front 83

Lower respitory:

Back 83

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Front 84

Vocal folds. Ie:

Back 84

true vocal cords. In larynx

Front 85

Trachea divides into two…

Back 85

primary bronchi

Front 86

Two types of cells in alveolar:

Back 86

Type 1: Simple squamous epithelial and Type 2: Cuboidal. Secretes surfactant.