A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 1/31

Front 1

Diastole –

Back 1

relaxed chambers filling up with blood

Front 2

Systole –

Back 2

contracting chambers

Front 3

Cardiac system has three structures divided into two parts:

Back 3

(Heart, blood, and blood vessels) and (systemic and pulmonary)

Front 4

Systemic –

Back 4

Pumps blood to organs and then back to the heart.

Front 5

Pulmonary –

Back 5

Pumps blood to lungs and back

Front 6

Arteries –

Back 6

Carry blood away from the heart. Branch and decrease in size, ending in capillary beds

Front 7

Veins –

Back 7

Carry blood towards the heart. Get’s bigger and bigger.

Front 8

When ventricle contracts, it holds ________ ________ taunt

Back 8

chordea tendonae

Front 9

Ventricles are never _______

Back 9

empty

Front 10

Good hearts reaaaally ______ so they get more blood in them

Back 10

relax

Front 11

Pericarditis –

Back 11

Inflammation of the pericardium

Front 12

The ______ ventricle is a stronger pump

Back 12

left

Front 13

Left Atrioventricular valve…

Back 13

mitral valve…bicuspid valve

Front 14

Right Atrioventricular valve…

Back 14

tricuspid valve

Front 15

Heart Murmur –

Back 15

Indicative of a possible heart valve disorder

Front 16

Incompetent Valves –

Back 16

valves that do not close properly. A swishing sound can be heard and some of the blood backflows. Heart must pump harder

Front 17

Valvular stenosis –

Back 17

Stiff valves that don’t move easily, forcing the heart to pump harder

Front 18

Coronary arteries –

Back 18

Branch from the base of aorta and encircle the heart.

Front 19

The three layers of the heart:

Back 19

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium (visceral and parietal)

Front 20

Epicardium –

Back 20

Visceral pericardium, upon the heart

Front 21

Myocardium –

Back 21

the heart muscle.

Front 22

Endocardium –

Back 22

Shiny epithelial tissue (endothelium) that lines the inside of the heart. Continuous with blood vessels.

Front 23

Resting membrane potential -

Back 23

-90mV

Front 24

Threshold –

Back 24

50mV..or 55?

Front 25

Absolute Refractory Period –

Back 25

The time in the action potential when there can simply NOT be another muscle contraction. Also called the plateau. Calcium flowing in at this time.

Front 26

End Diastolic Volume –

Back 26

(EDV) The amount of the blood at the end of ventricular filling. Healthy hearts have high EDV

Front 27

End systolic Volume –

Back 27

(ESV) The amount of blood left in the ventricle after contraction. Healthy hearts have low ESV

Front 28

Lub –

Back 28

closing of AV valves. Called “S1”

Front 29

Dub –

Back 29

closing of semilunar valves. Called “S2”

Front 30

Agina pectoris –

Back 30

chest pain caused by a inadequate oxygenation of the myocardium

Front 31

Atrial systole –

Back 31

Atrium contracting

Front 32

Myocardial infarction –

Back 32

ischemia of the myocardium that leads to death of parts of the cardiac muscle

Front 33

Some heart cells (______ cells) do not need electrical stimulation to fire

Back 33

pacemaker

Front 34

Sinoatrial node –

Back 34

Pacemaker of the heart. Damage results in a too slow heartbeat

Front 35

Atrioventricular node –

Back 35

Accepts the impulse from the sinoatrial node. Fires the action potential that makes atria and ventricles contract. Damage to the AV node is called a “heart block”. The heart beats at a steady 40-60 b/min

Front 36

Perkinje fibers –

Back 36

myocardium of the walls of the ventricles. This final step causes the ventricles to contracts upwards.

Front 37

Steps of the heart’s contraction –

Back 37

1) Sinatrial Node ->
2) Atrioventricular Node ->
3) Bundle Fibers ->
4) Bundle branches ->
5) Purkinje fibers

Front 38

Rapid conduction =

Back 38

contracting in unison

Front 39

One cardiac cycle =

Back 39

One heart beat

Front 40

Arrythmias –

Back 40

uncoordinated atrial and ventricular beating

Front 41

Fibrillation –

Back 41

Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart. Heart is useless as a pump.

Front 42

Tachycardia –

Back 42

resting heart rate greater than 100/minute

Front 43

Bradycardia –

Back 43

Resting heart rate of lower than 60/min

Front 44

Ectopic focus –

Back 44

An excitable group of cells that causes their own contraction

Front 45

Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrom –

Back 45

Atria is making their own rhythm.

Front 46

Stroke volume –

Back 46

amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one pump. Healthy hearts have higher SV. EDV-ESV=SV

Front 47

P wave –

Back 47

Caused by depolarization or atria. Occurs immediately before atrial contraction

Front 48

QRS Wave/complex –

Back 48

Depolarization of the ventricles. Occurs immediately before ventricular contraction. Atria are also repolarizing, but that’s masked

Front 49

T Wave –

Back 49

Repolarization of ventricles.

Front 50

Blood flows through the heart is controlled entirely by ________ changes

Back 50

pressure

Front 51

AV valves close when

Back 51

ventricle contracts

Front 52

Semilunar valves open when

Back 52

ventricle contracts

Front 53

1) Ventricular filling
(mid-to-late diastole)
Opening of AV valve starts this phase

Back 53

- Blood flowing from the atria into the ventricle. Usually fills up to about ~130 mL
- Atrial systole occurs during this phase. Contributing a small amount of blood to the ventricle
- Valve status:
AV valves: open
SL valves: closed

Front 54

2) Ventricular Systole
Closing of AV valves marks beginning of this phase. (heard as “lub”)

Back 54

- Isovolumetric contraction (“same volume” because both valves are closed) then ventricular ejection phase
- When pressure in ventricle overcomes pressure in the aorta, SL valve opens and blood ejection occurs
- Average pressure needed = 120mm Hg
- Usually about 70ml of blood ejected
- Leaves about 60 ml in the ventricle (ESV)

Front 55

3)Isovolumetric Relaxation
Closing of semilunar valves mark the beginning of this phase. Heard as “dub”)

Back 55

- Semilunar valve close when ventricular pressure is less than aorta
- AV valve closed because ventricular pressure hasn’t dropped enough
- Pressure drops rapidly until AV valve opens and we have ventricular filling again.

Front 56

Cardiac Output –

Back 56

Amount of blood pumped in one minute. CO= SV x HR (5250 mL/min=70beats/min x 75 beats/minute. About 4-6L of blood in the body)

Front 57

Heart rate increased by –

Back 57

norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroxine

Front 58

Heart rate decreased by –

Back 58

Acetylecholine.