A&p Ii: Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance (Chap 27)

Front 1

conjugate acid/base pair

Back 1

compounds that differ by the presence of one proton, or H+ (which is donated or accepted)

Front 2

electrolytes

Back 2

substances that dissociate to form charged particles (ions)

i.e. NaCl --> Na+ + Cl-

Front 3

non-electrolytes

Back 3

substances that do NOT contain carbon, includes proteins, carbs, lipids, and sugars

Front 4

Which are inorganic compounds?
Which are organic compounds?

A.Electrolytes
B. Non-electrolytes

Back 4

Electrolytes = Inorganic compounds

Non-electrolytes = Organic compounds


Note: Opposites

Front 5

cation

Back 5

positively charged ions

Front 6

anion

Back 6

negatively charged ions

Front 7

What are the 2 most abundant cations in ICF and ECF?

Back 7

ICF = K+

ECT = Na+

Front 8

How much of the human body is composed of water in a female? Male?

Give an explanation for the difference.

Back 8

Female = 50% (More adipose tissue.)

Male = 60% (More skeletal muscle.)

Front 9

Other than water, identify the fluids that make up the human body. (4)

Back 9

Intracellular fluid 30% (inside cells)

Interstitial fluid 20% (between cells)

Plasma 4.5%

Other (CSF, Lymph, etc.) ?.?%

Front 10

Identify the 5 ECFs of the human body.

Back 10

Filtrate
Lymph
Interstitial fluid
CSF
Plasma

Front 11

What 2 pressures drive fluid movement "out" of an ECF to another ECF?

Back 11

Blood pressure (pushes plasma out)
Osmotic pressure

Front 12

What 2 pressures drive fluid movement "into" an ECF from another ECF?

Back 12

EC hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure of blood

Front 13

osmotic pressure

Back 13

pressure generated by water moving by osmosis into or out of a cell

Front 14

metabolic water

Back 14

water made from oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria during ETS; 300 mL made daily

Front 15

evaporation at the lungs

Back 15

water expelled from breathing; not always seen in hot climite; 400 mL made daily

Front 16

edema

Back 16

movement of abnormal amounts of water from plasma into interstitial fluid

Front 17

Where does your daily total input of water come from? (3)

Back 17

Food = 1000 mL
Liquid = 1200 mL
Metabolic water = 300 mL

Total = 2500 mL

Front 18

Where does your daily total output of water come from? (4)

Back 18

Urination = 1200 mL
Evaporation at skin = 750 mL
Evaporation at lungs = 400 mL
Loss in feces = 150 mL

Total = 2500 mL

Front 19

What system regulates fluid homeostasis?

What is one pro and one con?

Back 19

Endocrine system

Pro = Reactions last long

Con = Systems takes long to react

Front 20

juxtaglomerular apparatus (complex)

Back 20

structure that detects drops in BP, drops in blood O2, and in response, makes and releases renin and erythropoetin

Front 21

Identify the two components that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus (complex).

Back 21

Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa cells

Front 22

juxtaglomerular cells

Back 22

enlarged smooth muscle cells that surround an afferent arteriole

Front 23

macula densa cells

Back 23

cells in the wall of the DCT; detect ionic content and water volume

Front 24

Where does Angiotensin I convert to Angiotensin II?

Back 24

In the lungs

Front 25

What converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I?

Where does this conversion happen?

Back 25

Renin

Occurs in the blood

Front 26

Why does Angiotensinogen convert to Angiotensin I?

Back 26

When BP or blood O2 drops, renin will convert it.

Front 27

What does Angiotensin II do?

Back 27

Powerful vasoconstrictor that when activated, releases ADH (hypothalamus/post. pituitary gland) and aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

Front 28

What receptors does the afferent arteriole have for Angiotensin II?*

Back 28

Increase vessel pressure
Increase Na+ reabsorption
Increase H2O reabsorption

Front 29

What is the main function of Angiotensin II?

Back 29

Increase BP by saving blood volume

Front 30

What is the main function of renin?

Back 30

Fix low BP (by increasing it), but does nothing to heart rate

Front 31

acid

Back 31

any substance that increases H+ ion concentration;

H+ ion donor;

Less than 7 on pH scale is acidic

Front 32

base

Back 32

any substance that decreases H+ ion concentration;

H+ ion acceptor;

More than 7 on pH scale is alkaline

Front 33

What is the pH scale based on?

Back 33

A logarithmic scale with each number representing 10x more than the number next to it.

Front 34

Identify the 6 acidic substances made by humans.

Back 34

Carbonic acid
Lactic acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Fatty acids
Ketones

Front 35

carbonic acid

Back 35

from metabolism converting CO2 --> HCO3-

Front 36

lactic acid

Back 36

from conversion of pyruvates in anaerobic metabolism

Front 37

sulfuric acid

Back 37

from metabolism of sulfur containing proteins

Front 38

phosphoric acid

Back 38

from metabolism of phosphorus containing proteins

Front 39

fatty acids/ketones

Back 39

from metabolism of lipids

Front 40

OH-

Back 40

hydroxide

Front 41

Sources of human alkalinity often result from _________.

Back 41

consumption

Front 42

Consumption of food that contains these 3 elements tend to form hydroxides (OH-).

Back 42

Ca++, K+, Mg++

Front 43

blood pH range

Back 43

7.35 to 7.45

Front 44

Why must we control blood pH so tightly?

Back 44

So that proteins do NOT denature and/or enzymes do NOT change shape

Front 45

volatile acid

Back 45

goes from liquid to gas quickly;
can be eliminated by the lungs;
H2CO3 is the only significant one for humans;
i.e. gasoline

Front 46

fixed acid

Back 46

stay in solutions;
can be eliminated by the kidney;
i.e. all acids made by the body except H2CO3

Front 47

buffer

Back 47

a substance or physiological action that can resist changes in pH

Front 48

When does a buffer stop working?

Back 48

When the substance runs out of buffering molecules to donate

Front 49

What are the 3 chemical buffers in humans?

Which is the major buffer in the ECF, ICF, and in both?

Back 49

Bicarbonate = ECF

Protein = both ECF and ICF

Phosphate = ICF

Front 50

What are the 2 physiological buffers in humans?

Back 50

Respiratory System
Urinary System

Front 51

How does the respiratory system act as a physiological buffer?

Back 51

Expels volatile acids;

Buffers by altering respiratory rate and depth

Front 52

How does the urinary system act as a physiological buffer?

Back 52

Expels fixed acids;

Buffers by modifying urine in DCT/CD (saving or passing H+ ions)

Front 53

acidosis

What is the associated condition?

Back 53

blood pH lower than 7.35

acidemia

Front 54

alkalosis

What is the associated condition?

Back 54

blood pH higher than 7.45

alkalemia

Front 55

As blood CO2 goes up, what happens to blood pH?

Back 55

It goes DOWN!

They are inverses.

Front 56

As blood CO2 goes down, what happens to blood pH?

Back 56

It goes UP!

They are inverses.

Front 57

The only cause of respiratory acidosis (pH lower than 7.35) would be some version of _________.

Back 57

hypoventilation, i.e. lung disease, emphysema, black lung, COPD, etc.

Front 58

The only cause of respiratory alkalosis (pH higher than 7.45) would be some version of _________.

Back 58

hyperventilation

Front 59

If there is nothing wrong with your lungs, and your blood pH is abnormal --- what is the cause of your acidosis or alkalosis?

Back 59

Metabolic

Front 60

What is the only cause of respiratory acidosis/alkalosis?

Back 60

It's caused by an issue within your lungs.

Front 61

What are the causes of metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

Back 61

Infinite causes

Front 62

How can you tell if someone is urinating out a lot of H+ and trying to fix their acidosis?

Back 62

Their urine will also be acidic.

Front 63

Identify a substance with a pH of 1.

Back 63

Car battery acid

Front 64

Identify a substance with a pH of 2.

Back 64

Lemon juice

Front 65

Identify a substance with a pH of 3.

Back 65

Vinegar
Acid rain

Front 66

Identify a substance with a pH of 5.

Back 66

Rain pH

Front 67

Identify a substance with a pH of 6.

Back 67

Milk

Front 68

Identify a substance with a pH of 7.

Back 68

Stream pH

Front 69

Identify a substance with a pH of 8.

Back 69

Baking soda

Front 70

Identify a substance with a pH of 9.

Back 70

Sea water

Front 71

Identify a substance with a pH of 10.

Back 71

Milk of magnesia

Front 72

Identify a substance with a pH of 12.

Back 72

Ammonia

Front 73

Identify a substance with a pH of 13.

Back 73

Lye (sodium hydroxide, chemical straightening treatment)

Front 74

Where is calcitonin produced and what is its function?

Back 74

C cells of the parathyroid gland

Decrease calcium concentration

Front 75

Where is parathyroid hormone produced and what is its function?

Back 75

Parathyroid glands

Increase calcium concentration in the blood

Front 76

hypernatremia

Back 76

excessive amounts of Na+ in the blood

Front 77

hyponatremia

Back 77

abnormally low concentration of Na+ (or salt) in blood

Front 78

hyperkalemia

Back 78

excessive amounts of K+ in the blood

Front 79

hypokalemia

Back 79

abnormally low concentration of K+ in blood

Front 80

hypercalcemia

Back 80

excessive amounts of Ca+ in the blood

Front 81

hypocalcemia

Back 81

abnormally low concentration of Ca+ in the blood

Front 82

Other than water, identify the fluids that make up the human body. (4)

Back 82

Intracellular fluid 30% (inside cells)

Interstitial fluid 20% (between cells)

Plasma 4.5%

Other (CSF, Lymph, etc.) ?.?%