A&p Ii Exam 1

Front 1

What is the average pH of blood?

Back 1

7.4

Front 2

What is emigration?

Back 2

The process by which WBC's leave the bloodstream.
- they roll along the endothelium, stick to it, and then squeeze between endothelial cells.
- going from the blood stream into interstitial fluid.
- adhesion molecules (selectins & integrins) assist.

Front 3

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Back 3

Albumen.
- made by hepatocytes in liver.
- controls osmotic pressure.

Front 4

Name the five white blood cell types in order from most common to least common.

Back 4

Neutrophils 70%
Lymphocytes 25%
Monocytes 8%
Eosinophls 4%
Basophils 1%
Neutro Lympho Mono Eo Baso

Front 5

What are three functions of blood?

Back 5

1. transport O, CO, nutrients, hormones, HEAT, waste
2. regulate pH, body temp, water content of cells.
3. protects against blood loss & disease

Front 6

Which WBC are granular?

Back 6

- Neutrophils (tiny red)
- Eosinophils (big red)
- Basophils (purple/black)

Front 7

Which WBC are agranular?

Back 7

- T & B Lymphocytes and NK cells
- Monocytes

Front 8

What does hematocrit measure?

Back 8

Total blood volume occupied by RBC. female 42 male 47

Front 9

What is polycythemia?

Back 9

- abnormally high % of RBC.
- hematocrit 65% or higher
- raises viscosity of blood, makes heart work harder.
- High BP, increased risk of stroke.
Causes: abnormal increase in RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration, blood doping.

Front 10

What is hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)?

Back 10

- the process by which the formed elements of blood develop.
- all over in fetus
- in red bone marrow in 3 mo before birth and forever.
- in trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.
- hips, sternum, ribs, proximal epiphyses of humerus & femur

Front 11

What are pluripotent stem cells?

Back 11

- in red bone marrow.
- have ability to develop into all types of blood (differentiate)
pluripotent... to precursors... to mature form.

Front 12

RBC Structure and Function

Back 12

- no nucleus (euthrocyte) , few organelles
- transport gas
- hemoglobin only.
- get energy anaerobically.

Front 13

What's the deal with megakaryocytes?

Back 13

- really big cell.
- as it matures, it bursts.
- makes platelets.

Front 14

Monocytes are the same as...

Back 14

...macrophages.
- patrol and gobble pacman

Front 15

Plasma cells are the same as...

Back 15

B cells
when infection... produce antibodies.

Front 16

What is a sinusoid?

Back 16

A blood vessel that dead ends into a tissue... leaky. some in brain (clear excess fluid), some in bone marrow.
- pick up RBC and provide a way for them to get into circulation.

Front 17

Lymphoid stem cells...

Pluripotent stem cells...

Back 17

give rise to lymphocytes.

give rise to RBC, platelets, all WBC

Front 18

describe appearance and function of
neutrophils

Back 18

granular, lavender spots, multi lobed/segmented.
- phagocytize bacteria.
- first to attack
- use lysozymes: strong oxidants
- suicide bombers

Front 19

describe appearance and function of
monocytes

Back 19

- agranular. greyblue cytoplasm
- c shaped nucleus
- phagocytosis
- develop into macrophages; packman
- come in large numbers, destroy more

Front 20

describe appearance and function of
basophils

Back 20

- granular. large purple-blue granules, segmented 2-3 lobed nucleus
- leave capillaries..release granules that contain heparin, histamine, serotonin at site of inflammation.
- involved in allergies
(heparin is a thinner..histamine is a vasodilator. swelling & redness)

Front 21

describe appearance and function of
eosinophils

Back 21

granular, red. segmented nucleus 2-3 lobes.
- release histamines.
- phagoticize antigen-antibody complexes
- parasitic worms
- cleans up mess

Front 22

Three kinds of lymphocytes

Back 22

B cells: destroy, inactivate toxins, produce antiBodies
T cells: attack virus, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer
NK cells: microbes/tumor cells

Front 23

Graft-Versus-Host-Disease

Back 23

- transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissue.

Front 24

Blood Groups
Glycolipids

Back 24

Glycolipids are cell recognition molecules in plasma membrane responsible for ABO & Rh blood groups

Front 25

How many blood groups?

Back 25

at least 24 plus 100+ antigens

Front 26

What blood group is the universal recipient?

Back 26

Type AB has both A & B antigens

Front 27

What is erythroblastosisfetalis?

Back 27

Hemolytic Disease
- mother is Rh negative
- fetus is Rh positive
Anti Rh antibodies made by mother. effect is on 2nd baby.
Rogan injection needed.

Front 28

What do antibodies do?

Back 28

Clump things together (get out of solution) so macrophages can destroy.

Front 29

What is normal hemoglobin?

Back 29

12 - 18 gm per 100 ml of blood.

Front 30

'Which blood vessel tunic regulates BP?

Back 30

Tunica media.
- determines size of lumen, how much room blood has to flow.

Front 31

What is vasa vesorum?

Back 31

In really large arteries.. is the network of tiny vessels that feed the really thick layer of smooth muscles.

Front 32

Describe the structure and function of tunica intern a

Back 32

endothelial tissue
- in direct contact with blood
- continuous with endothelial lining of heart.

Front 33

Describe the structure and function of tunica extern a

Back 33

- outer connective tissue with elastin and collagen fibers.
- anchors
- gives structure

Front 34

Describe the structure and function of tunica media

Back 34

- thick muscular to elastic
- high compliance: stretch without tearing.
- maintains shape.
- controls bp through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Front 35

Describe the largest arteries

Back 35

Thick muscle layers, thick connective tissue layer, but relatively thin walls for the size.
- Medium size vessels look a lot thicker.
- HOLD blood.
- MAINTAIN pressure to push blood throughout body.

Front 36

What is anastomoses?

Back 36

- Union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region
- provide alternate routes - collateral circulation.

Front 37

What are met-arterials?

Back 37

- arteries that have small round strips of smooth muscle encircling them.
- acts as sphincter or valve.
- can also control blood flow into capillary beds.
- control by sympathetic NS and local interstitial fluid conditions.
- can cut off blood to areas not immediately important during fight-or-flight response.

Front 38

Describe capillaries

Back 38

- one layer of endothelial cells + basement membrane.
- no tunics
- so small only ONE red blood cell at a time can go through.
- exchange nutrients, CO, O, waste

Front 39

What is a thoroughfare channel?

Back 39

a capillary that flows to a venule which is not constricted by sphincters. bypass capillary beds.

Front 40

Name the three types of capillaries

Back 40

1. continuous: most common, slightly leaky.
2. fenestrated: kidney, small intestine. have pores. pretty leaky
3. sinusoids: bone marrow, liver, spleen. wider, more winding, very leaky.
SINUSOIDS IN BRAIN DRAIN CSF

Front 41

What is a Portal Vein?

Back 41

blood passes from one capillary bed through a second capillary bed before returning to the heart.
- hepatic (to liver from intestines)
- hypophyseal (hypothalamus to anterior pituitary)
- nephrons of kidney (glomerulus to peritubular/vasa recta)

Front 42

What is the blood pressure at the vena cava as it enters right atrium?

Back 42

Zero.
Blood keeps moving because of skeletal muscles and doesn't move backwards bc of valves in veins.

Front 43

Describe walls of veins.

Back 43

- same three layers
tunica intern a: thinner than arteries
tunica media: thinner with little smooth muscle
tunica extern a: thickest layer
- not designed for high pressure
- valves: folds on intern a forms cusps, prevents back flow.

Front 44

Where is the blood distributed when body is at rest?

Back 44

- most is in systemic veins and venules - a blood reservoir
- in spleen too.

Front 45

What are the three methods of capillary exchange?

Back 45

1. diffusion: most important. intercellular clefts called fenustrations. blood-brain barrier's tight junctions limit diffusion (only O and glucose get through).
2. transcytosis: vesicle transport for large things like fats, insulin, albumin.
3. bulk flow: based on pressure gradient. regulates VOLUME of blood and interstitial fluid.

Front 46

What is Starling's Law?

Back 46

need a balance.
nearly as much reabsorbed as filtered.
hillary clinton fluid buildup

Front 47

What factors affect hemodynamics?

Back 47

hemodynamics = blood flow
- pressure differences that drive blood through tissue.
- resistance to blood flow in specific tissues. (if high, smaller flow)

Front 48

Define systolic and diastolic BP

Back 48

systolic bp: highest pressure attained in arteries during systole diastolic bp: lowest
- BP also depends on total blood volume.

Front 49

What are the effects of low BP?

Back 49

- not enough O getting to tissues and CO out.

Front 50

What causes vascular resistance?

Back 50

opposition to blood flow, friction
- vasoconstriction
- blood viscosity (amount of RBC)
- condition of vessels: disease, age, elasticity.
- 400 miles of blood vessels for each 2.2 pounds of fat.

Front 51

Circulation time is...

Velocity is...

Back 51

usually one minute at rest.

- inversely related to cross sectional area.

Front 52

How is Blood Pressure and Blood Flow controlled?

Back 52

- interconnected negative feedback systems.
- adjust heart rate, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume.
- Limbic system
- CV center in medulla oblongata (cardiostimulatory & cardioinhibitory centers). Receives input from higher sensory areas and sensory receptors

Front 53

What are the three types of sensory receptors?

Back 53

1. proprioceptors: monitor movement
2. baroreceptors: pressure & stretch in blood walls.
-in internal carotid artery control BP in BRAIN
- in aorta control systemic BP
3. chemoreceptors: concentration of chemicals.
- receptors also in carotid sinus and aortic arch.

Front 54

What causes BP to fall?

Back 54

blood loss
- hypovolemic shock.
brain tries to raise BP as much as possible. at some point system fails and BP plummets.

Front 55

What hormones regulate BP?
(three)

Back 55

- RAA - Renin-angiotension-aldosterone system.
renin (from kidney)...
aldosterone - increases water reabsorption ... raises blood volume and so pressure
- ADH antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin. produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary. Causes vasoconstriction... increase BP
- ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) released by cells of atria. lowers BP by vasodilation, loss of salt & water in urine.. reduces blood volume.

Front 56

What is the most metabolically active area of body?

Back 56

Brain
uses 20% of ingested glucose.

Front 57

What is heart block?

Back 57

- arrhythmia of heart
- signal can't go any farther
- usu AV node

Front 58

What is angina?

Back 58

Chest pain due to constriction or partial occulsion of blood vessels.
- deficient blood delivery, lack of blood flow.

Front 59

What regulates cerebral blood flow?

Back 59

- blood brain barrier
- brain has own intrinsic system

Front 60

What are blood islands?

Back 60

little areas of tissue.
- small areas of embryonic tissue where blood vessels and blood cells are first formed.
- first places to produce blood cells, bone

Front 61

What are the three steps in hemostatsis?

Back 61

1. Vascular Spasm: smooth muscle in artery wall contracts.
2. Platelet Plug Formation: stick, become activated, accumulate in large numbers, damaged tissue signals chemically to platelets.
3. Blood Clotting: fibrin threads

Front 62

What is serum?

Back 62

Plasma minus clotting proteins.

Front 63

What are some chronotropic factors?

Back 63

timing - how fast or slow
1. nerve impulses from ANS
vagus nerve
2. hormones: epi (adrenal) takes time to wear off increase HR

Front 64

Why don't cardiac cells tetany?

Back 64

- refractory period is longer.

Front 65

What are some inotropic factors?

Back 65

affect strength
- factors that promote CA inflow
epi, norepi, digitalis
- factors that are CA blockers
anoxia, acidosis, some anesthetics, increase K in interstitial tissue