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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NAME
the Greeks believed that this was the seat of intelligence |
the heart
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NAME
this provides the transport system "hardware" that keeps blood continousuly circulating to fulfill this critical homeostatic need |
the cardiovascular system
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What is the size of the heart like?
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about the size of fist
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NAME
this is about the size of the fist |
the heart
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What is the mediastinum?
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is the medival cavity of the thorax that encloses the heart
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NAME
is the medival cavity of the thorax that encloses the heart |
mediastinum
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What is the apex of the heart?
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is the part of the heart that points toward the left hip
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NAME
this is part of the heart that points toward the left hip |
apex
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What is the base of the heart?
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is the posterior surface that is directed toward the right shoulder
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NAME
this is the posterior surface that is directed toward the right shoulder |
the base of the heart
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Where can you feel the apex contracting the chest wall as your heart beating?
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if you place your finger btwn the fifth and sixith ribs just below the left nipple
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NAME
you can hear this if you place your finger bwtn the fifth and sixith rib just below the left nipple |
tha apex contracting the chest wall as your heart beats
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What does the PMI stand for?
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point of maximal intensity
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What is the PMI?
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is the location where you can hear the apex contracting the chest wall as the heart beats
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NAME
this refers to the location where you can hear the apex contracting the chest wall as the heart beats |
PMI
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Where can you hear the PMI?
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if you press you finger btwn the fifth and sixith ribs just below the left nipple
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If you press your finger btwn the fifth and sixth ribs just below the left nipple-- this site is refered to as (1)
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PMI
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What is the pericardium?
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is a double walled sac that encloses the heart
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NAME
is a double walled sac that encloses the heart |
pericardium
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What are the (2) parts of the pericardium?
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(1)serous pericardium (2)fibrous pericardium
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What is fibrous pericardium?
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is the deep loosely fitting superficial part of the sac
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NAME
is the deep loosely fitting superficial part of the sac |
fibrous pericardium
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What are the (3) functions of the fibrous pericardium ?
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(1)protectes the heart (2)anchors it to the surrounding structures (3)prevents overfilling of the heart w blood
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NAME
its functions include protecting the heart, anchors it to the surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling the heart w blood |
fibrous pericardium
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What is the serous pericardium?
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is a thin slippery, two layer serous membrane
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NAME
this is a thin slippery, two layer serous membrane |
serous pericardium
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What are the (2)layers of the serous pericardium?
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(1)parietal layer (2)visceral layer
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NAME
this has two layers: parietal layer and the visceral layer |
the serous pericardium
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What are the (2) layers of the serous membrane?
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(1)parietal layer (2)visceral layer
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NAME
this has two layers: parietal layer and visceral layer |
serous membrane
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What is the parietal layer?
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lines the internal surface of fibrous pericardium
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NAME
this layer lines the interna surfaces of fibrous pericardium |
the parietal layer
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What is the visceral layer?
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is the internal part of the heart wall
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NAME
this is the internal parto the heart wall |
visceral layer
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The visceral layer is also called the (1)
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epicardium
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(1)is also called the epicardium
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visceral layer
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What is pericardiits/
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is the inflammation of the pericardium, hinders production of the serous fluid and roughens the serous membrane surfaces
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NAME
this is the inflammation of the pericadrium that hinders the production of serous fluid and roughnes the serous membrane surfaces |
pericarditis
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What is a key characterist of pericarditis?
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the beating of the heart as it rubs against its pericaridal sac
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NAME
this is characterizted by the beating of the heart as it rubs against its pericaridal sac |
pericaridits
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What does cardiac tamponade mean?
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heart plug
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NAME
this literally means heart plug |
cardiac tamponade
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What is cardiac tamponade?
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is a condition in which the heart is compressed by fluid
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NAME
is a conidtion in which the heart is compresed by fluid |
cardiac tamponade
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What are the (3) layers of the heart wall?
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(1)epicardium (2)myocardium (3)endocardium
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What is the first layer of the heart wall?
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epicardium
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NAME
this is the first layer of the heart and is also visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
epicardium
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What is the middle layer of the heart?
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myocardium
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What is the myocardium?
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is the middle layer of the heart which is composed of mainly cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart
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NAME
this is the middle layer of the heart which is composed of mainly cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart |
myocardium
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What is the layer of the heart wall that contracts?
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the myocardium
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NAME
this is the layer of the heart wall that contracts |
myocardium
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The myocardium is the layer of the heart wall that (1)
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contracts
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What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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is a dense network of fibers that reinforces the myocardium internally and anchors the cardiac muscle fibers
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NAME
this is a dense network of fibers that reinforces the mycardium internally and anchors the cardiac muscle fibers |
fibrous skeletlon of the heart
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NAME
this layer of the heart has crisscrossing connective tissue fibers that arranged in spiral or cicurcular bundles that form the dense network of the fibrous skeleton of the heart |
myocardium
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What is speacil about the connective tissues' fibers arrangement in the myocardium?
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they are arranged in spiral or cicurcular bundles that form the dense network of the fibrous skeleton of the heart
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What is the third layer of the heart wall?
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endocardium
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What is the endocardium?
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is a glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on a thing connective tissue layer
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NAME
this is a glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on a thing of connective tissue layer |
endocardium
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What are the (4) chambers of the heart?
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(1)two superior atria (2)two inferior venticles
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NAME
this has four chambers:two superior atria and two inferior venticles |
heart
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What is the intaratrial septum?
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divides the heart longitudinally and separates the atria
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NAME
this divides the heart longitudinally and separates the atria |
intaratrial septum
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What is the interventricular septum?
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separates the ventricles
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NAME
this separates the ventricles |
interventricular septum
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What is the fossa ovalis?
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is a shallow depression that marks the spot where an opening called the forament ovale existed in the fetal heart
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NAME
this is a shallow depression that marks the spot where an opening called the foramen ovale existed in the fetal heart |
fossa ovalis
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together (1)make most of the volume of the heart
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ventricles
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What are trabeculae carnae?
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are irregular ridges that mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers
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NAME
these are irregular ridges that mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers |
trabeculae carnae
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What is the largest artery in the body?
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aorta
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NAME
this is the largest artery in the body |
aorta
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The aorta is the (1)in the body
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largest
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The heart is actually a (1)
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two side by side pumps
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NAME
this is actually a two side by side pumps |
the heart
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What is the pulmonary circuit?
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are the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs and serves gas exchange
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NAME
these are the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs and serve gas exchange |
the pulmonary circuit
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What is the systemic circuit?
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are the blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues
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NAME
are the blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues |
systemic circuit
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The right side of the heart is the(1)
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pulmonary circuit pump
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(1)side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit pump
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right
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Which side of the heart if the pulmonary circuit pump?
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right
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Blood returning from the body is (1)
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oxygen poor and carbon dioxide-rich
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Blood returning from the (1) is oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich
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body
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How does the load of work differ in the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit pump?
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(1)the pulmonary circuit is a short low pressure circulation (2) the systemic circuit pump-takes a long pathway through the entire body and encounters about 5 times as much friction or resistnace to blood flow
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NAME
this circuit has a short low pressure circulation |
pulmonary circuit
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NAME
this circuit take a long pathway through the entire body and encounters 5 times as much friction or resistnace to blood flow as the other circuit |
the systemic circuit pump
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Blood returning from the heart is (1)
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oygen rich and carbon dioxide poor
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Blood returning from the (1)is oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor
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heart
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The left side of the heart is the (1)
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systemic circuit pump
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The (1)side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump
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left
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What side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump?
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left
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Where does gas exchange ocur?
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in the capillary beds
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NAME
this is where gas exchange ocurs in as blood is transported throughout the body |
the capillary beds
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T or F
the right ventricular can generate much more pressure and is far more powerful pump |
false left ventricule
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Why can the left ventricle generate muc more pressure than the right ventricule and is far more powerful?
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bc the the systemic circuit pump-takes a long pathway through the entire body and encounters about 5 times as much friction or resistnace to blood flow
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T or F
blood itself provides little nourishment to heart tissue |
true
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What is the shortest circulation in the body?
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the coronary circulation
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NAME
this is the shortest circulation in the body |
coronary circulation
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What is the coronary cicrulation?
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is the functional blood supply of the heart
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NAME
this is the functional blood supply of the heart |
coronary circulation
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The (1)deliver blood when the heart is relaxed but are fairly ineffective when the ventricles are contracting
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the coronary arteries
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Why are vessels failr ineffective at delivering blood to the heart when the ventriclies are contracting? (2)
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(1)bc the vessels are compressed by the contracting myocardium (2)thier entrances are partly blocked by the flaps of the open aortic semilunar valve
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What is angina pectoris?
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is thoracic pain caused by a fleeting defieciency in the blood delivery to the myocardium
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NAME
this is thoaracic pain caused by a fleeting defieciency in the blood delivery to the myocardium |
Angina pectoris
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What does MI stand for?
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myocardial infaraction
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What is MI?
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refers to a heart attack or coronary
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NAME
this refers to a heart attack or coronary |
MI
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T or F
blood flows through the heart in one direction |
true
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Blood flows through the heart in one direction, what is that direction?
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from the atria to ventricles and out of the great arteries leaving the superior aspect of the heart
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What does AV valve stand for?
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atrioventricular valve
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What does the AV valves do?
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prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting
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NAME
this valve prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting |
AV valves
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What are the two AV valves?
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(1)Tricuspid valve (2)bisuspid valve
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NAME
there are two of this:tricsupid valve and the bisuspid valve |
AV valves
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What is the tricuspid valve?
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is the right AV valve and has three flexible cusps or flaps of endocrardium
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NAME
this is the right AV valve and has three flexible cusps or flaps of endocardium |
tricuspid valve
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What is the bicuspid valve?
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is the left AV valve w two flaps
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NAME
this is the left AV valve w two flaps |
bicuspid valve
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the bicuspid valve is also called the (1)
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mitral valve
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(1)is also called the mitral valve
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bicuspid valve
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Why is the bicuspid valve also called the mitral valve?
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bc of its rescembalance to the two sided bishop's hat
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NAME
it rescembalance to the two sided bishop's hat |
bicuspid valve
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What is the chordae tendinae?
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are tiny white collagen cords that are attached to the AV flap that anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls
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NAME
these are tiny white collagen cords that are attached to any AV flap that anchor the cusps to the papillay musclces protruding from the ventricular walls |
chordae tendinae
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What happens when the ventricules contract?
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the intraventricular pressures rises forcing the blood superiorly against the blood superiorly
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NAME
bc of this, the intraventricular pressure rises and forces the blood superioraly against the valve flaps |
when the ventricles contract
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What does SL stand for ?
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semilunar valves
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What are the (2) SL valves?
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(1)aortic valve (2)pulmonary valves
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NAME
this has two valves:aortic and pulmonary valves |
SL valves
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NAME
these guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles and prevent backflow into assocaited ventricles |
aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
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What do the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves do?
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guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricules (2)prevent the backflow into assocated ventricles
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When do the SL vales open?
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as the blood rushed by them
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When do SL valves close?
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when the ventricles relax, and the blood flows backward toward the heart, it fills the cusps, and closes the valves
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T or F
the heart can function w leaky valves as long as the impairments are not to great |
true
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What is a incompetent valve?
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this refers to when the heart is forced to repump the same blood over and over bc the valve does not close properly and blood backflows
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NAME
this refers to when the heart is forced to repump the same blood over and over bc the valve does not close properly and blood backflows |
incompetent valve
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What is valvular stenosis?
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is when the valve flaps of the heart become stiff following endocarditis or calcium salt depostist and constricts the opening
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NAME
is when the valve flaps of the heart become stiff following endocarditis or calcium salt deposits and constrict the opening |
valvular stenosis
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NAME
this like skeletal muscle, is striated and it contracts by sliding filament mechanism |
cardiac muscles
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What are cardiac cells like?
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are short fat branched and interconnected
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NAME
these are short fat branched and interconnected |
cardiac cells
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The fibrous skeleton acts both as (1) and (2)
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tendon and instertion-giving the cardiac cells something to pull or exert thier force against
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NAME
this can act as both a tendon and instertion- giving the cardiac cells something to pull or exert thier force against |
fibrous skeleton
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What are intercalted discs?
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are dark-staining junctions that contain anchoring desmosomes and gap junctions
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NAME
these are dark-staining junctions that contain anchoring desmosomes and gap junctions |
intercalted discs
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What are desmosomes in intercalted disc ?
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they prevent adjacent cells from separating during contraction
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NAME
they prevent adjacent cels from separating during contraction |
desmosomes
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What are gap junctions in intercalated discs?
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allows ion to pass from cell to cell---transporting a depolarizing current across the entire the heart
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NAME
these allows ions to pass from cell to cell---transporting a depolarizing current across the entire heart |
gap junctions in intercalated discs
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The entire myocardium behaves as (1)
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functional synctium
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the entire (1)behaves as a functional synctium
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myocardium
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Why is the entire myocardium behaves as a functional synctium?
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bc the cardaic cells are electriaclly coupled
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Bc the cardiac cells are electrically coupled, (1)
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the entire myocardium behaves as a functional synctium
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T or F
traids are seen in the cardiac muscle fibers |
false
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is there traids in the cardiac muscle fibers?
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no
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What are some fundamental differences btwn the cardaic muscle and the skeletal muscles?
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(1)means of stimulation (2)organ versus motor unit contraction (3)length of absolute refractory period
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NAME
these differ by means of stimulation, organ versus motor unt contraction, and length of absolute refractory period |
cardaic vs skeletal muscles
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How does the cardaic and skeletal muscles differ according to means of stimulation?
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(1)each skeletal muscle fiber must be stimulated to contract by a nerve ending (2)while some cardaic muscle cells are self-exictable and can initiate thier own depolarization
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What is automaticity?
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refers to how some cardaic muscle cells are self-exictable and can initiate thier own depolarization
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NAME
this refers to how some cardaic muscle cells are self-exictable and can initiate thier own depolarization |
automaticity
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How do cardaic and skeletal muscles differ according to organ vs motor unit contraction?
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(1)in skeletal muscles, all cells of a given motor unit are stimulated and contract at the same time (2)in cardiac muscle, the heart either contracts as a unit or doesnt contract at all
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How do cardaic and skeletal muscles differ according to length of absolute refractory period?
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(1)in cardaic muscles, the absolute refractory period channels are still open or closed as nearly as long as the contractions (2)in skeletal muscle fibers,the refractory period is much shorter
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Which has a longer refractory period--skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers?
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cardaic
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Why do cardaic muscle fibers so long?
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bc the long cardaic refractory period normally prevents tetanic contractions, which would sttop the heart's pumping actions
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