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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 functions of gap junctions
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help the creation of action potentials from neuron to neuron
coordinate cilia movement on epithelial cells coordinate contractions on cardiac muscle cells |
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what are the 4 communications via cell to cell
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paracrine
endocrine direct synaptic |
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which of the 4 communcations is used during crisis management
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Synaptic
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Which of the 4 communications is highly specialized and rare
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Direct
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Which of the 4 communications uses target cells/hormones to deliver their message?
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Endocrine
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What are the 3 types of hormones
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Amino acid derivs
peptide derivs Steriod derivs |
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Glyco proteins and other large groups pertain to which type of hormones?
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Peptide hormones
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What are some examples of Pepdite hormones in the group Glycoproteins
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TSH LH FSH inhibin
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Where is inhibin produced?
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Inhibin is made in the male/female gonads sex cells
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What are some ies of peptide hormones in the lg polypetide form?
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All others oxytocin all hypothalmus heart thymus digestive tract pancreas neurohypophysis adeno hypophysis
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What are Some lipid hormones
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Steriods and eicosanoids
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What makes up steroids? The base
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Cholesterol
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What is the base of eicosanoids
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Arachadonic acid
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What are some ies of eicosanoids
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prostaglanins leukotrines thromboxines
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What are some examples of steroids
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Androgens estrogens progestins mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, calcitriol
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what are some amino acid derivatives the two groups
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tyrosine and tryptophan
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What are some tryrosine amino acid derivative examples?
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Thyroid Epin Nor Epinepherine
dopamine catecholamines |
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What are some tryptophan ie?
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Melatonin
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What are catecholamines?
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Norepinepharine, epinephrine dopamne
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3 factors that deactivate hormones?
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It's used up by target cells
excreted or digested by enzymes |
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Which endocrine organ has two lobes and an isthmus?
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Thyroid
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What does inhibin do?
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It stops FSH and LH
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What produces inhibin? What elss is produced there?
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Testes ovaries along with estrogen and testosterone and in ovaries progesterone
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3 Leukotrines with strong paracrine effects are (eicosanoids/lipid derivatives)
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Thrombaxanes
prostacyclins Prostaglandins |
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Describe 2nd msg system starting from the binding site 3 of them
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Gprotein > ATP converted to cAMP > activates enzymes/open channels
or Gprotein activated PDE converts cAMP to AMP and reduces enzyme activity or Gprotein>PLC>DAG>PKC opens channels also PLC can > IP3 which releases stored Ca+2 |
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They hypothalmus preganglionic fibers control ....
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The suprarenal
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Phosphodiesterase whats the abbrev and what does it do?
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PDE converts cAMP back to amp
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What does diacylglcerol do and whats it's abbrev?
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Its DAG is activated by PLC it activates PKC
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What is protein kinase C and what does it do?
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Opens channels PKC activated by DAG
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What is phospholipase C do and abbrev?
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PLC activates DAG
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Calmodulin
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Ca+2 binds with them acting as a messenger, it's an intracellular protein can activate cytoplasmic enzymes.
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What are 3 hormones that activate Calmodulin
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Ep NEp
and oxytocin also several regulatory hormones via hypothalmus |
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Endocrine Revlexes 3 stimuli
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humoral stimuli hormonal stimuli neural stimuli
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What regulates FSH?
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Inhibin
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What are insulin like growth factors?
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IGF are somato medians made by the liver in response to GH
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GH causes the liver to do what with respect to glucose and adipocytes
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Fat is released, and so is glucose from glycogen
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What is the difference btw glycogen and glycogon?
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Glycogen makes or is converted to glucose, while glycogon stimulates several other things to increase blood glucose levels
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Which endocrine reflexes act as neuroendocrine also?
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NEp and Ep w respect to sympathetics
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What are the 10 hormones produced by the hypothalmus?
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TRH CRH GnRH & GnIH PRF PIH GH-IH GH-RH MSH IH
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What are TBG
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Thyroid hormone carriers called tyroid binding globulins
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C-Cells make
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Calcitonin
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zona reticularis responsible for?
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Androgens
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Zona fasculata responsible for?
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CRH via hyppothalmus
ACTH via adenohypophysis Hits zona F which makes glucocorticoids |
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Zona glomerosa responsible for?
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mineral corticoids aldosterone
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What does aldosterone do?
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it increasese conservation of Na and release of K at the kidnes. Water retention is possible.
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Glucocorticoids?
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They are anti-inflammatory
Effect glucose metabolism Glucose sparing effect stimulating Glycogen and glucose at liver and fats to be released in adipocytes |
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What do GH and Glcuocorticoids have in common?
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They both contribute to glucose sparing factors and glucose metabolism
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Melatonin tell me about it
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Stimulated by MSH via suprarenal medulla, and has 3 functions inhibit repoduction, protect against free radicals, and circadium rhythmns
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Pancreatic acini vs islets
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Acini is digestive
islets are the endocrine |
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When BG lvls are up which hormone helps us?
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insulin beta cells of the pancrease (made)
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what is calcitriol?
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it's a vitamin D precursor helps with Ca+ and phosphrous absoption in the intestines.
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What does glucagon do with respect to low BG lvls?
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It gives orders to muscles liver and adipocytes to increase glucose levels
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Addisons disease
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cond under sec of glucocorticoids and mineral ocorticoids no energy reserves and can't maintain normal blood glucose levels
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Cushing disease
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too much glucocorticoids reaksdown too much of the lipids and proteins reserves
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GAS and its 3 stages
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Stress response, sympathetics(E,NEp)
Glucocorticoids Failure /death |
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6 hormones that effect growth are:
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GH
Calcitriol Calcitonin Thyroid reproductive hormones insuline |
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What is the suprarenal cortex comprised of and the hormones of each area?
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Zona glomerosa minerolcorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona Fascilatta Glucocorticoids cortisol Zona reticularis androgens (weak) |
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5 effects of the thyroid hormones
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atp usage
atp production growth in children (muscles/nervous) enzyme synthesis and atp production enzymes are activated Increased production of ATPase in Na & K |
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Ph of blood
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7.4
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how many liters in males/females
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males 5-6
femailes 4-5 |
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With respect to blood the liver makes two things
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Plasma proteins (tranport and immuoglobuilns)
Clotting factors |
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How are RBC's broken down and recycled?
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it is hemolyzed then some goes into the excretion and some eaten by macrophages
Macrophages send iron via transferrin to the bones and biliverdin is broken down to bilirubin that is sent to the liver which is then excreted feces (acter bein converted to sterocobilins and urobilins) or out the kidneys where they are excreted. |
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Which 3 WBC's have granules?
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BEN
Basophils Eiosiniphils Neutriphils |
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Which are 8-10 ums and least populated
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Basophils
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Which are 15 ums and monstrous
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Monocytes
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which are 12 ums and most numerous
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Neutrophils
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Lymphocytes 3 types
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NK cells T cells B cells
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Which of the lymphocytes have a cell mediated immunity?
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T cells
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Which have a humoral immunity
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B cells
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Two types of acquired immunity?
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humoral B-cells
cell mediated T-Cells |
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humoral immunity is effective vs:
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Bacteria fungi parasitic protozoans virus blood toxins
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difference btw cellmediated and humoral immunities
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cell-med is tcells atks foreign cells
Humoral is b cells attacking antigens |
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Leukopenia
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Low WBC count
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Leukocytosis
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High WBC count
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Leukemia
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disease of leukopenia
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Intrinsic
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VII and IX
proenzymes starts in blood longer than extrinsic |
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Extrinsic
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In blood vessel walls
CF VII |
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Common pathway
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X Thrombin
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Platelets release
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PF-3
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3 anti coagulants
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antithrombin III heparin
Protein C made by Thrombomodulin |
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Term for clot dissolving
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Fibrinolysis
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2 enzymes that produce proenzyme plasminogen
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Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator
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What does proenzyme plasminogen do?
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Creates the enzyme plasmin which eats the clot, fibrinolysis
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What two cells do Hemocytoblasts differentiate into?
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Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells
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What do Myeloid stem cells differentiate into? What do they make
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Myelblasts- which make up BEN
monoblasts monocytes Megakaryocytes - platelets Progenitor cells > Erythroblast stages> Reticulocytes >RBCs |
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What do lymphoid stem cells differentiate into?
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Lympohcytes
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What is serum?
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Plasma-Fibrinogen
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Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are locatted which 4 areas?
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Bone marrow, thymus spleen lymph nodes
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5 functions of blood
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defense
temp ph/ion regulation clotting transport |
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3 plasma proteins and their function
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albumins - osmotic pressure
globulins immunoglobulins defense & transport globulins-so stuff isn't excreted fibrinogens clotting. |
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Antibodies: A has B has AB has O has?
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A - B
B - A AB neither O - both AB |
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Universal donar blood type
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O
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B12 is important because it...
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will cause pernicious anemia and can't make intrinsic factor in the stomach :(
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What do WBC exhibit that make them competent at their jobs
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PACE
phagocytosis aemobid movement chemotaxis emigration |
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Which WBC is geared towards specified defense
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Lymphocytes which make T/B/NK cells
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What are the 3 primary Lymphocytes and their function
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T-Cells Cellmediated (atk or control other WBCs)
B-Cells (humoral immunity) NK cells monitor |
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Platelets 3 functions
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CCC
chemicals contract Clot /patch |
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EPO is produced when....
4 reasons |
Blood flow to the kidneys is impaired
No O2 at lungs Lungs dmgd anemia |
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Production of Formed elements (WBC RBC Platelets)
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Hematopoiesis
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A percentage of Formed elements is...
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Hematocrit
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