A&p Ii--Blood

Front 1

What is the normal ph of blood? Is it basic or acidic?

Back 1

7.35-7.45--Slightly basic

Front 2

What type of tissue is blood? Is it considered an intra or extracellular fluid

Back 2

Connective Tissue--extracellular fluid.

Front 3

True or false--females have larger amount of blood than males.

Back 3

False--females have slightly less liters of blood due to basic anatomical differences in male and females (males are generally bigger in size, thus more blood).

Front 4

Two components of whole blood:

Back 4

Plasma and formed elements.

Front 5

Components of plasma:

Back 5

Water and solutes (gases, hormones, ions, enzymes, and waste products.)

Front 6

Albumin

Back 6

Protein primarily responsible for osmotic pressure (minimum pressure needed to nullify osmosis).

Front 7

Is osmotic pressure high or low when Albumin is in blood?

Back 7

High

Front 8

Components of formed elements of blood:

Back 8

Cell fragments and cells (erthythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)

Front 9

Hematocrit

Back 9

Percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.

Front 10

Hematopoiesis--where does it occur in adults? In the fetus?

Back 10

Whole blood formation--red bone marrow in adults (liver, spleen, and thymus in addition to bone marrow in fetus).

Front 11

Location of red bone marrow (red blood site formation sites):

Back 11

Proximal limb bones. sternum, vertebrae, ribs, skull, scapulae, and pelvis.

Front 12

Erythropoiesis

Back 12

Formation of Red blood cells

Front 13

Leukopoiesis

Back 13

Formation of white blood cells.

Front 14

Importance of the stem cell

Back 14

Can differentiate into different types of cells depending on what factors act on it.

Front 15

Colony stimulating factors

Back 15

increases growth of white blood cells

Front 16

What happens to each part of hemoglobin in RBCs when it is broken down?

Back 16

Iron bound or stored in phagocytic cells or released into bloodstream and bound to transferrin.

Heme is stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin.

Globin is broken apart into component amino acids and metabolized or released into bloodstream for use by cells.

Front 17

Do RBCs have nuclei or mitochondria? Hod do they get their ATP?

Back 17

Lacking many organelles--no nuclei or mitochondria. Gets ATP by anaerobic metabolism of glucose in surrounding plasma.

Front 18

How many RBCs are there per mm3?

Back 18

4-5 million

Front 19

Polycythemia

Back 19

High blood cell count, too much produced by red bone marrow.

Front 20

Anemia

Back 20

Decrease in number of red blood cells.

Front 21

Normal value of RBCs (hematocrit):

Back 21

40-45%

Front 22

Oxyhemoglobin

Back 22

Oxygen binds to heme component of protein hemoglobin--it is red in color.

Front 23

How many oxygens can one hemoglobin bind?

Back 23

Four oxygen molecules.

Front 24

Normal hemoglobin ranges for women--men?

Back 24

120-160 g/L and 140-180 g/L

Front 25

Carbaminohemoglobin

Back 25

Compound of carbon and hemoglobin, one of forms in which carbon dioxide exits the body.

Front 26

Symptoms/signs of anemia

Back 26

Weakness/tired, pale skin, light-headedness, headaches, etc.

Front 27

Hemorrhagic anemia

Back 27

Loss of red blood cells/hemoglobin due to bleeding.

Front 28

Hemolytic Anemia

Back 28

Abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs are faulty).

Front 29

Aplastic anemiai

Back 29

Bone marrow not producing enough new RBCs to replenish old ones.

Front 30

Pernicious anemia

Back 30

Intestines cannot properly absorb vitmain B12 to make new RBCs.

Front 31

How many White blood cells are there/mm3?

Back 31

5-10,000 mm3

Front 32

Clinical term for too many white blood cells? Too few?

Back 32

Leukemia/ Leukopenia

Front 33

Diapedesis

Back 33

"Emigration" or ability of cells to move in and out of vessels (white blood cells capable of this.)

Front 34

Chemotaxis

Back 34

Chemicals attract WBCs in certain areas of body.

Front 35

Phagocytosis

Back 35

Ability to engulf/digest foreign material.

Front 36

Types of white blood cells:

Back 36

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils.

Front 37

Function of neutrophils--instances when high numbers are found:

Back 37

Specialize in attacking/digesting bacteria marked by antibodies.

High numbers found in cases of infections.

Front 38

Function of eosinophils, and instances when high numbers are found in body:

Back 38

Attack objects coated with antibodies

High numbers during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

Front 39

Function of basophils and instances when high numbers found in body:

Back 39

Migrates to injury sites and cross capillary endothelium and accumulates in damaged tissue.

Front 40

Significance of basophils in anaphylactic shock:

Back 40

Basophils are activated and antigen binds to basophil and causes them to degranulate blood, resulting in constriction of bronchioles.

Front 41

Terms for increase/decreases in clotting cells?

Back 41

Thrombocytosis/ Thrombocytopenia

Front 42

Substances found in cytoplasm of platelets:

Back 42

ADP, clotting factors, thromboxane A2, serotonin, actin/myosin.

Front 43

Function of thromboxane--which drug blocks its action?

Back 43

Helps platelets stick and aggregate (blocked by asprin).

Front 44

Why might baby asprin be helpful in the case of a heart attack?

Back 44

Blood flow is blocked in a heart attack, so an asprin might be helpful in reducing clotting/aggregation to allow blood flow.

Front 45

Vascular spasm

Back 45

Damage to smooth muscle wall of a vessel causes contraction of the muscle (limits bleeding).

Front 46

Platelet plug

Back 46

Formed by platelets when they come in contact with damaged lining of blood vessel.

Front 47

How do platelets form a plug?

Back 47

They first stick

Break apart releasing their chemicals (ADP and thromboxane)

More platelets stick and break apart as a result.

Platelet plug forms.

Front 48

What type of feedback system is the formation of a platelet plug?

Back 48

Positive feedback system, because once platelets break apart and release their chemicals, more platelets arrive at that site to continue clotting untill bleeding stops.

Front 49

Coagulation--what does it require?

Back 49

Permanent plug (clot) made of insoluble fiber.

Requires clotting factors made in liver from vitamin K, calcium, platelet factors, tissue factor from damaged cells.

Front 50

How is the clotting process stimulated?

Back 50

Damaged cells release chemicals that activate clotting factors.

Front 51

Two pathways for prothrombin activator complex:

Back 51

Intrisic pathway (slow--damaged blood vessel)

Extrinsic pathway (fast--additional tissue damage)

Front 52

What enzyme activates Thrombin? What does thrombin activate once it's activated?

Back 52

Prothrombin/ Fibrinogen--> Fibrin

Front 53

What is retraction?

Back 53

Platelets pull fibrin taut (serum escapes).

Front 54

What happens to a clot once the damaged tissue has been repaired?

Back 54

Fibrinolysis--It goes through a process where it is broken down to be dissolved when no longer in use.

Front 55

Fibrinolysis

Back 55

Break down of fibrin back down to fibrinogen, activated by plasmin.

Front 56

Thrombus

Back 56

Clot that forms in an unbroken vessel due to pooling of blood/fatty plaque.

Front 57

Embolus

Back 57

Moving blood clot that often ends up in lungs.

Front 58

Under what conditions do unwanted blood clots form?

Back 58

When blood flow is slow

A rough endothelium can also lead to platelets sticking.

Front 59

Hemophilia

Back 59

Clotting factor is missing, no permanent plug, or frequently missing factor VIII

Front 60

Drugs given to dissolve clots:

Back 60

TPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)
Heparin (Blocks thrombin)
Vitamin K Antagonists (Inhibits formation of clotting gactors)

Front 61

Percentage of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basinophils, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes in WBC differential:

Back 61

50-70%, 2-4%, Less than 1%, 2-8%, and 20-30%

Front 62

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Back 62

Hemolytic disease of newborn resulting from antibodies of an RH- blood typed mother attacking the antigens of her positive blood typed fetus, resulting in clumping or agglutination of the baby's blood.