A&p I - Uno Fall 2009

Front 1

The study of structure

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

The study of function

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

looking at the body's appearance or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance

Back 3

inspection

Front 4

feeling a structure with the hands, ie palpating a swollen lumph node or taking a pulse

Back 4

palpation

Front 5

listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds

Back 5

auscultation

Front 6

when an examiner taps the body, feels for abnormal resistance and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.

Back 6

percussion

Front 7

the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships

Back 7

dissection

Front 8

the study of cells under the microscope

Back 8

histology

Front 9

the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Back 9

histopathology

Front 10

the study of the structure and function of individual cells

Back 10

cytology

Front 11

the process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions for them

Back 11

inductive method

Front 12

if we claim something is scientifically true we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could prove it wrong, it is not scientific

Back 12

falsifiability

Front 13

the ability to encircle and grasp objects using an opposable thumb

Back 13

prehensile

Front 14

what does stereoscopic vision allow for?

Back 14

depth perception

Front 15

the term for standing and walking on two legs

Back 15

bipedalism

Front 16

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

Back 16

organ

Front 17

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Back 17

tissue

Front 18

what are the four classes of tissue

Back 18

epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular

Front 19

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all of the basic functions of life

Back 19

cells; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive

Front 20

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Back 20

organelles, ie mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes

Front 21

particle composed of at least two atoms (the smallest particles with unique chemical identities)

Back 21

molecule

Front 22

the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components; first espoused by Aristotle

Back 22

reductionism

Front 23

the theory that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts.

Back 23

holism

Front 24

the normal arrangement of internal organs

Back 24

situs solitus

Front 25

the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reverse between right and left; occurs in 1 in 8000 people

Back 25

situs inversus

Front 26

when a single organ occupies an atypical position

Back 26

situs perversus

Front 27

the sum of all this internal chemical change of taking in molecules from the environment and converting to energy.

Back 27

metabolism

Front 28

when complex molecules are synthesized from simpler molecules, store energy/endergonic reaction; ie protein synthesis

Back 28

anabolism

Front 29

when complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules, release energy/exergonic, ie protein digestion

Back 29

catabolism

Front 30

the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body

Back 30

excretion

Front 31

the ability to maintain internal stability; the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain stable internal conditions

Back 31

homeostasis

Front 32

Frenchman who discovered concept of homeostasis

Back 32

Claude Bernard

Front 33

American who coined term homeostasis

Back 33

Walter Cannon

Front 34

the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

Back 34

differentiation

Front 35

an increase in size; part of development

Back 35

growth

Front 36

the characteristics of a reference male

Back 36

22 yrs old; weighing 70 kg; living at a mean ambient temperature of 20 C; engaging in light physical activity; consuming 2800 kcal/day

Front 37

the characteristics of a reference female

Back 37

22 yrs old; weighing 58 kg; living at a mean ambient temperature of 20 C; engaging in light physical activity; consuming 2000 kcal/day

Front 38

internal state of the body in which there is a certain set point or average value for a given variable and conditions fluctuate around this point

Back 38

dynamic equilibrium

Front 39

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.

Back 39

negative feedback

Front 40

the widening of blood vessels; allows warm blood to flow closer to the body surface and loses heat to the surrounding air

Back 40

vasodilation

Front 41

narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin; retains warm blood deeper in body and reduces heat loss

Back 41

vasoconstriction

Front 42

sensory nerve endings (large arteries near heart)

Back 42

baroreceptors

Front 43

the reflexive correction of blood pressure

Back 43

baroreflex

Front 44

self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback.

Back 44

positive feedback

Front 45

terms coined from the names of people

Back 45

eponyms, ie fallopian tubes

Front 46

singular ending: -a, ie axilla

Back 46

plural ending: -ae, ie axillae

Front 47

singular ending: -ax, ie thorax

Back 47

plural ending: -aces, ie thoraces

Front 48

singular ending: -en, ie lumen

Back 48

plural ending: -ina, ie lumina

Front 49

singular ending: -ex, ie cortex

Back 49

plural ending: -ices, ie cortices

Front 50

singular ending: -is, ie diagnosis

Back 50

plural ending: -es, ie diagnoses

Front 51

singular ending: -is, ie epididymis

Back 51

plural ending: -ides, ie epididymides

Front 52

singular ending: -ix, ie appendix

Back 52

plural ending: -ices, ie appendices

Front 53

singular ending: -ma, ie carcinoma

Back 53

plural ending: -mata, ie carcinomata

Front 54

singular ending: -on, ie ganglion

Back 54

plural ending: -a, ie ganglia

Front 55

singular ending: -um, ie septum

Back 55

plural ending: -a, ie septa

Front 56

singular ending: -us, ie viscus

Back 56

plural ending: -era, ie viscera

Front 57

singular ending: -us, ie villus

Back 57

plural ending: -i, ie villi

Front 58

singular ending: -us, ie corpus

Back 58

plural ending: -ora, ie corpora

Front 59

singular ending: -x, ie phalanx

Back 59

plural ending: -ges, ie phalanges

Front 60

singular ending: -y, ovary

Back 60

plural ending: -ies, ie ovaries

Front 61

singular ending: -yx, ie calyx

Back 61

plural ending: -yces, ie calyces

Front 62

the stance in which a person stands erect with the feet flat on the floor and close together, arms at sides, and the palm and face directed forward

Back 62

anatomical position

Front 63

the position of the forearm in the anatomical position

Back 63

supinated, so the palm faces anteriorly; (supine also refers to the the body lying face up)

Front 64

the position of the forearm when the palm faces posteriorly

Back 64

pronated; (prone also refers to the the body lying face down)

Front 65

the 3 anatomical planes

Back 65

sagittal (median or midsagittal), frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal)

Front 66

the plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions

Back 66

sagittal plane

Front 67

the plane that extends vertically but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Back 67

frontal or coronal plane

Front 68

the plane that passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Back 68

transverse or horizontal plane

Front 69

the dorsal surface of a structure

Back 69

dorsum

Front 70

the region of the body that leads the way in normal locomotion

Back 70

anterior

Front 71

the region of the body that comes last in normal locomotion

Back 71

posterior

Front 72

toward the front (humans) or belly

Back 72

ventral

Front 73

toward the back or spine

Back 73

dorsal

Front 74

toward the ventral side (humans)

Back 74

anterior

Front 75

toward the dorsal side (humans)

Back 75

posterior

Front 76

toward the head or superior end

Back 76

cephalic

Front 77

toward the forehead or nose

Back 77

rostral

Front 78

toward the tail or inferior end

Back 78

caudal

Front 79

above

Back 79

superior

Front 80

below

Back 80

below

Front 81

toward the median plane

Back 81

medial

Front 82

away from the median plane

Back 82

lateral

Front 83

closer to the point of attachment or origin

Back 83

proximal

Front 84

farther from the point of attachment or origin

Back 84

distal

Front 85

closer to the body surface

Back 85

superficial

Front 86

farther from the body surface

Back 86

deep

Front 87

the region consisting of the head, neck (cervical region) and trunk

Back 87

axial region

Front 88

the two regions within the axial (trunk) region

Back 88

the thoracic region (above the diaphragm) and the abdominal region (below the diaphragm)

Front 89

the lines that dissect the abdomen

Back 89

midclavicular line

Front 90

superior horizontal line of the abdomen

Back 90

subcoastal line, connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages (cartilage connecting the tenth rib on each side to the inferior end of the sternum)

Front 91

the inferior horizontal line of the abdomen

Back 91

intertubular line because it passes from left to right between the tubercles (anterior superior spines) of the pelvis

Front 92

the 3 lateral regions of the abdomen (from upper to lower)

Back 92

hypochondriac, lumbar, and inguinal (iliac) regions

Front 93

the 3 medial regions (from upper to lower)

Back 93

epigastric, umbilical and hypogastric (pubic) regions

Front 94

the appendicular region consists of:

Back 94

the upper and lower limbs

Front 95

arm (between shoulder and elbow)

Back 95

brachial region

Front 96

forearm

Back 96

antebrachial region

Front 97

wrist

Back 97

carpal region

Front 98

hand

Back 98

manual region

Front 99

fingers

Back 99

digits

Front 100

thigh

Back 100

femoral region

Front 101

leg (between knee and ankle)

Back 101

crural region

Front 102

ankle

Back 102

tarsal region

Front 103

foot

Back 103

pedal region

Front 104

toes

Back 104

digits

Front 105

longitudinal portions of a limb between major joints

Back 105

segments

Front 106

internal organs contained within body cavities

Back 106

viscus (singular); viscera (plural)

Front 107

associated viscera and membranous lining of the cranial cavity

Back 107

brain; meninges

Front 108

associated viscera and membranous lining of the vertebral canal

Back 108

spinal cord; meninges

Front 109

associated viscera and membranous lining of the thoracic cavity

Back 109

in the pleural cavities - lungs; pleurae
in the pericardial cavity - heart; pericardium

Front 110

associated viscera and membranous lining of the abdominopelvic cavity

Back 110

abdominal cavity - digestive organs, spleen, kidneys; peritoneum
pelvic cavity - bladder, rectum, reproductive organs; peritoneum

Front 111

what 2 cavities are continuous with each other

Back 111

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Front 112

during embryonic development a space called ? forms within the trunk. it becomes partitioned by a muscular sheet, the diaphragm

Back 112

coelom

Front 113

what is the thick wall that divides the thoracic cavity (between the lungs, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm)

Back 113

mediastinum

Front 114

the inner layer of the pericardium

Back 114

visceral pericardium

Front 115

the outer layer of the pericardium

Back 115

parietal pericardium

Front 116

the cavity separating the visceral and parietal pericardium? filled with?

Back 116

pericardial cavity; pericardial fluid

Front 117

what separates the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity?

Back 117

the brim of the pelvis (a bony landmark)

Front 118

in what direction does the pelvic cavity tilt?

Back 118

posteriorly

Front 119

what organs does the pelvic cavity contain?

Back 119

rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, reproductive organs

Front 120

what is the position of the organs that lie against the posterior of the body and are covered by peritoneum only on the side facing the peritoneal cavity?

Back 120

retroperitoneal position

Front 121

what organs have a retroperitoneal position in the abdominal cavity?>

Back 121

kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, and the abdominal portions of the aorta and inferior vena cava

Front 122

organs that are encircled by peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets are described as?

Back 122

intraperitoneal

Front 123

the intestines are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a translucent membrane called?

Back 123

the dorsal mesentery, which is an infolding of the peritoneum

Front 124

the dorsal mesentery of the large intestine is called?

Back 124

the mesocolon

Front 125

what is the greater omentum

Back 125

a fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestines (part of mesentery?)

Front 126

what is the lesser omentum?

Back 126

membrane that extends from the superomedial border of the stomach to the liver

Front 127

what are potential spaces between body membranes?

Back 127

under normal conditions, membranes are pressed together and no space exists; however membranes that are not attached can separate and create a space filled with fluid or other matter.

Front 128

how many organ systems does the human body have?

Back 128

11

Front 129

what are the organ systems that provide protection, support and movement

Back 129

integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system

Front 130

what are the organ systems that provide internal communication and integration

Back 130

nervous system and endocrine system

Front 131

what are the organ systems that provide fluid transport

Back 131

circulatory system and lymphatic system

Front 132

what are the organ systems that provide defense

Back 132

immune system

Front 133

what are the organ systems that provide input and output

Back 133

respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system

Front 134

what are the organ systems that provide reproduction

Back 134

reproductive system

Front 135

what are the principal organs in the integumentary system

Back 135

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Front 136

what is the principal function of the integumentary system?

Back 136

protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Front 137

what are the principal organs in the skeletal system

Back 137

bones, cartilages, ligaments

Front 138

what are the principal functions of the skeletal system

Back 138

support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Front 139

what are the principal organs in the muscular system

Back 139

skeletal muscles

Front 140

what are the principal functions of the muscular system

Back 140

movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Front 141

what are the principal organs in the respiratory system

Back 141

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 142

what are the principal functions of the respiratory system

Back 142

absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

Front 143

what are the principal organs of the lymphatic system

Back 143

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Front 144

what are the principal functions of the lymphatic system

Back 144

recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Front 145

what are the principal organs of the urinary system

Back 145

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 146

what are the principal functions of the urinary system

Back 146

elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, detoxification