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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_________ tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments. |
Epithelial |
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__________ tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms. |
Connective |
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______________ tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body. |
Muscular |
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________________ tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions. |
Nervous |
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Normally, most cells within a tissue remain anchored to other cells or structures. Only a few cells, such as _________, move freely through the body, searching for invaders to destroy. |
phagocytes |
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biopsy |
is the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination. |
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______ are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells |
Cell junctions |
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5 Types of Cell Junctions |
tight junctions adherens junctions desmosomes hemidesmosomes gap junctions |
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Most ______ cells and some ______ and ______ cells contain cell junctions |
epithelial muscle nerve |
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_____inhibit the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. |
Tight Junctions |
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_________ consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells |
Tight junctions |
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_______ contain plaqu, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called ________ join the cells |
Adherens junctions cadherins |
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In epithelial cells, _________ junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts |
adherens |
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_______ help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. |
Adherens junctions |
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_______ contain plaque and have cadherins that extend into the intercellular space and attach cells to one another. However, the plaque does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, it attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments (made of keratin) |
desmosomes |
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______ prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. |
Desmosomes |
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The intermediate filaments extend from ______ on one side of the cell across the cytosol to ____ on the opposite side of the cell. This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue |
desmosomes |
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________ resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells. However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in ________ are _______ rather than cadherins. |
Hemidesmosomes hemidesmosomes integrins |
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On the inside of the plasma membrane, ______ attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin. On the outside of the plasma membrane, the __________ attach to the protein ________, which is present in the basement membrane. |
integrins integrins laminin |
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________ anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane |
hemidesmosomes |
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At ________, membrane proteins called ______ form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called _______ that connect neighboring cells |
gap junctions connexins connexons |
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______ allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another |
Gap junctions |
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The transfer of nutrients, and perhaps wastes, takes place through ________in avascular tissues such as the lens and cornea of the eye |
gap junctions |
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_________ also enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells, a process that is crucial for the normal operation of some parts of the nervous system and for the contraction of muscle in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. |
Gap junctions |
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Through the __________, ions and small molecules can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another, but the passage of large molecules such as vital intracellular proteins is prevented |
connexons |
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Major Structural Differences Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues |
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What relationship between epithelial tissue and connective tissue is important for the survival and function of epithelial tissues? |
Since epithelial tissue is avascular, it depends on blood vessels in connective tissue for oxygen, nutrients, and waste disposal. |
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3 Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
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______ surface of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. May contain cilia or microvilli |
apical |
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The ______ surfaces of an epithelial cell, which face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions |
lateral |
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The ____________ surface of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface. The ______ surfaces of the deepest layer of epithelial cells adhere to extracellular materials such as the ________. |
basal basal basement membrane. |
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In discussing epithelia with multiple layers, the term _______ refers to the most superficial layer of cells, and the _____ is the deepest layer of cells. |
apical layer basal layer |
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The basement membrane is found between an _______ tissue and a __________ tissue. |
epithelial connective |
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What are the functions of the basement membrane? |
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Basement membrane |
Thin, extracellular layer between epithelium and connective tissue consisting of a basal lamina and a reticular lamina. |
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The ______ of basement membrane is closer to—and secreted by—the epithelial cells. It contains proteins such as laminin and collagen, as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans |
basal lamina |
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The _______ of basement membrane is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts |
reticular lamina |
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5 Most important roles of Epithelial Tissue |
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2 Groups of Epithelial Tissue |
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_____ epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
Covering and lining |
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___________ makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands. |
Glandular epithelium |
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Simple epithelium |
is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption |
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_____________ is the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes |
Secretion |
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______ is the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract. |
Absorption |
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Pseudostratified epithelium |
appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface; it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on the basement membrane. Cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia; others (goblet cells) secrete mucus. |
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Stratified epithelium |
consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear. |
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3 Arrangements of cell layers in epithelial tissue |
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4 Cell shapes in epithelial tissue |
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_______ cells are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances through them. |
Squamous |
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______ cells are as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons. They may have ______ at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption. |
Cuboidal microvilli |
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______ cells are much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces may have ____ or _____, and they often are specialized for ________. |
Columnar cilia microvilli secretion and absorption |
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________ cells change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the ______ stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size. |
Transitional urinary bladder |
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_______ and ______ are the bases for classifying covering and lining epithelium |
Cell shapes arrangement of layers |
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4 types of Simple epithelium |
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4 types of Stratified epithelium |
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What are the two types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium? |
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Identify tissue: Present at sites of filtration (such as blood filtration in kidneys) or diffusion (such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs) and at site of secretion in serous membranes. Not found in body areas subject to mechanical stress (wear and tear). |
Simple squamous epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Covers surface of ovary; lines anterior surface of capsule of lens of the eye; lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; makes up secreting portion of some glands such as thyroid gland and ducts of some glands such as pancreas. Main function Secretion and absorption |
Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
Endothelium |
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The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes. |
Mesothelium |
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Identify tissue: lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system, where it is known as endothelium. Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium), where it is called mesothelium. Also found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum). |
Simple squamous epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Lines gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder. Secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and most of urinary tract; helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by stomach. Secretion and absorption |
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Lines some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain. |
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Cilia beat in unison, moving mucus and foreign particles toward throat, where they can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out. Coughing and sneezing speed up movement of cilia and mucus. Cilia also help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine (fallopian) tubes into uterus. |
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Ciliated variety lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract; nonciliated variety lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra. Ciliated variety secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body; nonciliated variety functions in absorption and protection. |
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Keratin |
An insoluble protein found in the hair, nails, and other keratinized tissues of the epidermis. |
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Identify tissue: Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces (lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue. Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes. |
Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra. Protection; limited secretion and absorption. |
Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane; part of conjunctiva of eye. Protection and secretion. |
stratified columnar epithelium |
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Identify tissue: Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing. |
Transitional epithelium |
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A cytological staining test for the detection and diagnosis of premalignant and malignant conditions of the female genital tract. Cells scraped from the epithelium of the cervix of the uterus are examined microscopically. |
Papanicolaou test |
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Specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood in the absence of ducts; may be exocrine or endocrine. |
Gland
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Endocrine Gland |
A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland. |
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Identify Gland: Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, thymus in thoracic cavity. Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis. |
Endocrine Glands |
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Identify Gland: Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin; digestive glands such as salivary glands (secrete into mouth cavity) and pancreas (secretes into small intestine). Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes. |
Exocrine Glands |
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Exocrine gland |
A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body. |
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The secretions of _________ glands have limited effects and some of them would be harmful if they entered the bloodstream. As you will learn later in the text, some glands of the body, such as the pancreas, ovaries, and testes, are mixed glands that contain both endocrine and exocrine tissue. |
exocrine |
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Exocrine glands are classified as |
unicellular or multicellular |
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______ glands are single-celled glands. Goblet cells are important _______ exocrine glands that secrete mucus directly onto the apical surface of a lining epithelium |
unicellular |
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Most exocrine glands are ___________ glands, composed of __________ that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ. Examples include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), and salivary glands. |
multicellular many cells |
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Two criteria used to categorized multicellular glands |
(1) whether their ducts are branched or unbranched and (2) the shape of the secretory portions of the gland |
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If the duct of the gland does not branch, it is a _______ gland |
simple |
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If the duct branches, it is a ________ gland |
compound |
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Glands with tubular secretory parts are _______ glands |
tubular |
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glands with rounded secretory portions are _____ glands, also called alveolar glands |
acinar |
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_______ glands have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts |
Tubuloacinar |
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5 Types of Simple Glands |
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3 Types of Compound Glands |
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The functional classification of exocrine glands is based on _________ |
how their secretions are released |
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Secretions of ______ ________are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. Most exocrine glands of the body are ______ . Examples include the salivary glands and pancreas. |
merocrine glands |
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_______ accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The cell repairs itself and repeats the process. (mechanism of secretion of milk fats in the mammary gland) |
Apocrine glands |
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The cells of ______ accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. Because the cell ruptures in this mode of secretion, the secretion contains large amounts of lipids from the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. Sloughed off cell is replaced by a new cell. (sebaceous gland of the skin.) |
holocrine glands |
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The functional classification of ________ is based on whether a secretion is a product of a cell or consists of an entire or a partial glandular cell. |
exocrine glands |