A&p I Central Nervous System And Ans

Front 1

How Information is recievied

Analog vs. Digital

Back 1

Analog - is how everything comes in from the world around
Digital - how we process the world around us. It is All or None - On or Off (Action Potential)

Front 2

Three overlapping functions of nervous system

Back 2

Sensory Input - Gathered information
Integration - Process and interprets sensory input, the decides what should be done with it
Motor Output - the actual respones required after integration

Front 3

(3) parts to a typical nerve

Back 3

Cell body - inside CNS its a cell body, outside its a ganglion
dendrites -
Axons - tracts for information

Front 4

Definition of ganglion

Definition of Nuclei

Back 4

ganglion - cell body in CNS

Nuclei - cell body outside CNS

Front 5

Description of a Neuron

Back 5

High longevity - lasts a longtime
Amitotic - has no mitosis, so when it is damaged, it wont grow back
High metabolism - uses lots of ATP
Needs support cells - called neuroglia, w/o it will die

Front 6

Types of Neuroglia (support cells) in CNS

Back 6

Astrocyte
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocyte

Front 7

Neuroglia - Astrocyte

Back 7

-helps transport nutrients in and out of neuron
-absorbs extra neurotransmitters and K+ ions
may play a role in nerve transmission

Front 8

Neuroglia - Microglia

Back 8

-macrophage like languherhans cell
-acts like immune
-cells of immune system are denied access to CNS

Front 9

Neuroglia - Ependymal

Back 9

-mostly columnar and ciliated
-circulate spinal fluid
-line inner portion of surrounding spinal cord

Front 10

Neuroglia - Oligodendrocyte

Back 10

-Same as Schwann cell, but in CNS
-Produces myelin sheath in white matter

Front 11

Support cells in Parasympathetic system

Back 11

-Satellite cells
-Schwann cell

Front 12

Neuroglia (PNS)- Satellite Cells

Back 12

-wrap around cell body
-help maintain cell body

Front 13

Neuroglia (PNS)- Schwann Cell

Back 13

-produce Schwann sheath (myelin sheath)
-produces myelin (membrane)
- wraps neuron in myelin for insulation
- speeds up process
- has outer most layer called neurolemma

Front 14

Characteristics of Myelin

Back 14

- myelin is made of fat
- myelin is non polar
- myelin is used for insulation
- outermost layer called neurolemma

Front 15

Neurolemma

Back 15

-outermost layer of myelin (Schwann) sheath
-it is nucleated and cytoplasmic
-encloses myelin sheath

Front 16

Structure of Neuron
- Dendrite

Back 16

- carry impulse to body
- has branching extensions of membranes containing cytoplasm
- same organelles as body
- graded potential
- lots of Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (nissel bodies)
-produces protiens
-tansports w/ cytoskeleton
- final destination is synaptic end bulbs
- usually not mylennated

Front 17

Structure of Neuron
- Body

Back 17

- Nucleus
- Mitochondria, Golgi, Lysosomes
- Lack centrioles
- RER (Nissl bodies)
-chromatophilic b/c they stain dark

Front 18

Structure of Neuron
- axon hillock

Back 18

- Highly excitable
- AP originates here
- transition from Graded Potential to Action Potentional
- Neural integrators count excitatory and inhibitory impulses

Front 19

Structure of Neuron
- axon

Back 19

- lead away from cell body
- collaterals
- telodendria
- synaptic knobs
- classified via structure or function

Front 20

Stucture of neuron
- axon
- collaterals

Back 20

- collaterals - side branches

Front 21

Structure of Neuron
- Axon
- Telodendria

Back 21

Axon terminal branches divided into hundrends and thousands

Front 22

Stucture of Neuron
- Axon
- Synaptic Knobs

Back 22

contains neurotransmitters which are protiens and peptides

Front 23

Stucture of neuron
- Axon
- Classification via structure

Back 23

- Multipolar - 3 or more processes (axons/dendrites)
- most common in CNS
- Bipolar - 2 processes
- dendrites converge into one before getting to axon
- found in CNS (Retina)
- unipolar - one axon opening to cell body
- w/ ganglia in periphreal nervous system
- outside CNS

Front 24

Structure of Neuron
- Axon
- classification via function

Back 24

- sensory - afferent
- all are unipolar
- w/ cellbodies outside CNS
- motor - efferent (effect)
- multipolar
- inside CNS
- Interneurons - association
- lie between sensory and motor neurons
- make up 99% of neurons in body
- most in CNS
- multipolar

Front 25

Transmission
- voltage

Back 25

Potential Energy between 2 points that have different charges

Front 26

Transmission
- potential

Back 26

- Difference between 2 charges at give voltage/electrical voltage difference across membrane
- separated charges of oppostie sign

Front 27

Transmission
- at rest

Back 27

- Resting potential = -70 mV
- -70 mV created by Disequilibrium
- Disequilibrium is created by Na+ K+ pump

Front 28

Transmission
- channels

Back 28

- voltage gated - opens w/ voltage
- only in axons
- ligand - opens in response to chemical stimulus
- only in dendrites
- Mechanical - opens in response to mechanical stimulus
- only in dendrites

Front 29

Transmission
- Graded Potental

Back 29

- Analog information
- Originates from cell body or dendrites
- different names depending on stimulus (EPSP or IPSP or others)
- is ligand or mechancial gated
- Varies in amplitude depending on strength of stimulus
- Localized - short lived, doesn't go far

Front 30

Transmission
- Action Potential

Back 30

- Voltage gated
- originates in Axon
- it is all or none - On or Off
- long lived, can travel long way
-

Front 31

Interpretation of Action potential

Back 31

* Na+ gates open
- -55 mV threshold is broken
- quick depolarization occurs
- voltage drops to 0
- at +30 mV
- Na+ gates close, K+ gates open
- called repolarization
- at -74 mV
- Hyperpolarization occurs
- Na+ K+ pump operates to restore -70 mV resting

Front 32

Interpretation travels in a ...

Back 32

Wave!!!

- travels down the axon
- known as prpagation
- carried via microtubules
- only in one direction (towards telodendria)

Front 33

Schwann cells
- other characteristics

Back 33

- have no gates
- located at Node of Ranvier
- Saltatation - wave skips from node to node
- depolarization in this way saves energy

Front 34

Node of Ranvier

Back 34

- Patches of exposed neuron
- gaps in the myelin (schwann)sheath
- information exchange takes place in these gaps

Front 35

Graded Potential
- further information

Back 35

- different names depending on location/orgin
- does not propagate itself
- very isolated signal
- IPSP - Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
- hyperpolarized, causes the membrane potential to be more (-)
- nerve impulse must go further to break -55 mV threshhold

- EPSP - excitatiory post synaptic potential
- depoarliezed, causing membrane potential to be less (-)
- nerve impulse has less difficulty breaking -55 mV threshold
*** view graphs***

Front 36

Synapapse-Neurotransmitter
- Presynaptic

Back 36

- Ca2+ voltage gates open
- breaks actin
- Synaptic vesicle drops - releasing neurotransmitter

Front 37

Synapapse-Neurotransmitter
- Post synaptic

Back 37

- Differing types of Graded Potential
- temporal summation
- spatial summation

Front 38

Synapapse-Neurotransmitter
- Post synaptic
- Summation

Back 38

- summation means that the greater the EPSP, the more likely the chance of breaking the -55 mV threshold

Front 39

Synapapse-Neurotransmitter
- Post synaptic
- Temporal Summation

Back 39

when summation results from the build up of neurotransmitter released by a sungle bulb 2 or 3 times in rapid succession

bang-bang-bang-bang-bang

Front 40

Synapapse-Neurotransmitter
- Post synaptic
- Spatial Summation

Back 40

When summation results from the build up of neurotransmitters released simultaneously by several presynaptic end bulbs

BOOM!!!!!!

Front 41

Neurotransmitters
- criteria to be called one...

Back 41

- must be stored and released from presynaptic end bubls
- must cause either an EPSP or IPSP
- must be naturally removed from synaptic cleft by enzyme/diffusion/uptake (ACh-ase)

Front 42

Neurotransmitters
- (5) groups

Back 42

1 - Acetylcholine (ACh)
2 - Amino Acids
3 - Peptides
4 - Novel
5 - Biogenic Amines

Front 43

Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 43

- Neuromuscular
- can be either EPSP or IPSP depending on receptors
- Cardiac IPSP
- Skeletal EPSP

Front 44

Neurotransmitters
- Amino Acids

Back 44

- Only found in CNS
- (3)specific examples
- Glycine
- Glutamate
- GABA

Front 45

Neurotransmitters
- Amino Acids
- Glycine

Back 45

- IPSP
- makes up half of the neurotransmitters in the spinal cord (other half is GABA)
- Strychnine blocks its receptors

Front 46

Neurotransmitters
- Amino Acids
- Glutamate

Back 46

- EPSP
- Important for learning and memory
- during stroke, excessive release causes neurons to be stimulated to death

Front 47

Neurotransmitters
- Amino Acids
- GABA

Back 47

- Gamma Amino Btyric Acid
- IPSP
- Common in the brain
- Valium and alcohol enhance action of GABA

Front 48

Neurotransmitters
- Peptides

Back 48

- small chains of 30 to 40 amino acids
- (3) specific examples
- Endorphins
- Substance P
- Somatostatin & Cholecystokinin

Front 49

Neurotransmitters
- Peptides
- Endorphins

Back 49

- Opiates
- pleasure
- natural pain killer

Front 50

Neurotransmitters
- Peptides
- Substance P

Back 50

- Found where there is pain
- lets body know it is experiencing pain

Front 51

Neurotransmitters
- Peptides
- Somatostatin & Cholecystokinin

Back 51

- produced by tissues in the GI tract

Front 52

Neurotransmitters
- Novel

Back 52

(3) specific examples
- ATP
- Nitric Oxide
- Carbon Monoxide

Front 53

Neurotransmitters
- Novel
- ATP

Back 53

- Adenosine tri-phosphate
- can be either EPSP or IPSP
- can be found in both CNS and PNS
- Provokes pain sensation

Front 54

Neurotransmitters
- Novel
- Carbon monoxide

Back 54

- EPSP
- Causes pain, sensitivity to pain

Front 55

Neurotransmitters
- Novel
-Nitic Oxide

Back 55

- EPSP
- causes smooth muscle to relax
- release increases stroke damage
- used to treat male impotence

Front 56

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines

Back 56

- can be EPSP Or IPSP depending on receptors
- Variations on Amino Acids
- 3 generators and their neurotransmitters
- Tryptophan ...serotonin
- Histamine ... histamine
- Tyrosine ... dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 57

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines
- Tryptophan

Back 57

- found in turkey
- makes serotonin
- plays a role in sleep, appetite, migraines,
- LSD blocks serotonin receptors
- too little serotonin causes depression
- prozac affects uptake, leaving serotonin in synapse longer

Front 58

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines
- Histamine

Back 58

- Cause inflamation
- helps blood to reach areas that need to heal

Front 59

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines
- Tyrosine

Back 59

- depending on enzyme, synthesizes:
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine

Front 60

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines
- Tyrosine - Dopamine

Back 60

- makes you feel good
- Parkinson's disease has TOO LITTLE DOPAMINE
- Schizophrenic has TOO MUCH DOPAMINE
- Chlorozine and heldal bind dopamine, stopping it from working
- Amphetamines increase dopamione release
- cocaine blocks dopamine receptors

Front 61

Neurotransmitters
- Biogenic Amines
- Tyrosine - Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Back 61

- essentially adrenaline
- made by the adrenal gland
- make you feel good
- amphetamines increase production
- antidepressants and cocaine block removal from synapse

Front 62

Receptors in Autonomic Nervous System
- (3) Types

Back 62

- Nicotinic (cholinergic receptor)
- Muscarinic (cholinergic receptor)
- Adrenergic (sensative to NE and epinephrine)

Front 63

Receptors in Autonomic Nervous System
- Nicotinic

Back 63

- ACh receptor
- stimulate EPSP
- located in plasma membrane of dendrites and cell bodies of both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic postganglion neurons
- also found in neuromuscular junction

Front 64

Receptors in Autonomic Nervous System
- Muscarinic

Back 64

- ACh receptor
- IPSP for Cardiac
- EPSP for GI tract(intestines)
- receptors located in plasma membrane of effectors of Parasympathetic postganglions
- used in cardiac, smooth, and glands

Front 65

Receptors in Autonomic Nervous System
- Adrenergic
- with (2) types

Back 65

- receptor for Norepinephrine and epinephrine
- located at most sympathetic postganglion neuorns
- alpha usually stimulates
- beta usually inhibits
- for cardiac it is an IPSP
- beta blockers block receptors for beta

Front 66

Embryonic Development
- 1st system to develop...

Back 66

Nervous System

Front 67

Neural Plate

Back 67

- Embryonic origin of all neural tissue
- site where ectoderm thickens

Front 68

Neural groove

Back 68

Neural plate folds inward to form neural groove

Front 69

Neural tube

Back 69

Neural groove forms into the neural tube

Front 70

Ventricles

Back 70

- Hollow spaces in the spinal cord and brain
- Brain has (4)
- 1st & 2nd are lateral
- 3rd & 4th are not

Front 71

4 areas of the brain that develop from the Neural tube

Back 71

1 - Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2 - Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3 - Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
4 - 4th ventricle

Front 72

Develop from Neural Tube
- Prosencephalon

Back 72

- forebraine
- Dicencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- 3rd ventricle

Front 73

Develop from Neural Tube
- Mesencephalon

Back 73

- Midbrain w/ tracts and nuclei
- corpora quadrigemina
- visual reflex center (superior)
- auditory reflex center (inferior)
- nuclei that produce dopamine
- called E. substantia nigra
- cerebral perduncles

Front 74

Develops from the Neural Tube
- Rhombencephalon

Back 74

- hindbrain
- 2 specfic areas
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum

Front 75

Develops from the Neural Tube
- Rhombencephalon
- Pons

Back 75

- Tracts
-Conduction tracts between higher brain & spinal cord and between Cerebellum & motor cortex
- Nuclei
- apneustic area, inhaltion, and pneumatoxic, (inhibits inhalation)

Front 76

Develops from the Neural Tube
- Rhombencephalon
- Medulla Oblongata

Back 76

- Tracts
- Decussation of pyramids
- which is the crossover for signals from left and right brain
- Nuclei
- controls heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, touch, and muscle positions

Front 77

Develops from the Neural Tube
- Rhombencephalon
- Cerebellum

Back 77

- has both white and grey matter
- 1/10th the brain mass, but 1/2 the total # of neurons
- Tracts
- arbor vitae tracks
- Nuclei
- give rise to axons to spinal cord and other brain centers
- controls balance, coordination, posture, skilled movements
- evaluates how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are being carried out

Front 78

Areas that develop from Neural Tube
- 4th ventricle

Back 78

Yup - it does

Front 79

Principle parts that develop from Neural tube

Back 79

Cerebrum - Know tracts and Nuclei
Dicephalon (and its parts)
Cerebellum (and its parts)
Brain Stem (and its parts)
Areas that are continous with spinal cord...
- pons, midbrian, medulla oblongata

Front 80

Fissure

Back 80

Deep valley in brain

Front 81

Sulcus

Back 81

Shallow valley in brain

Front 82

Parts of Cerebrum
- Central Sulcus

Back 82

- Seperates frontal and parietal lobes

Front 83

Parts of Cerebrum
- Precentral gyrus

Back 83

- Before central sulcus (towards front of brain
- motor cortex

Front 84

Parts of Cerebrum
- Postcentral gyrus

Back 84

- after central sulcus
- sensory cortex

Front 85

Parts of Cerebrum
- Longitudinal Fissure

Back 85

- cuts brain into left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 86

Parts of Cerebrum
- Parieto Occipto Sulcus

Back 86

- separetes the parietal lobes from the occipital lobes

Front 87

Parts of Cerebrum
- Lateral Sulcus

Back 87

- above temporal
- separates each temporal lobe from the lower portion of frontal and parietal lobes

Front 88

Parts of Cerebrum
- Transverse fissure

Back 88

Separates cerebellum from cerebrum

Front 89

Parts of Cerebrum
- Cerebral Cortex

Back 89

- outer layer of grey matter in brain
- conscious behavior,
- excutive control over nervous system
- it is highly convuluted with dendrites, cell bodies, unmylennated axons
- mostly designated for facial sensory and hand control

Front 90

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- (5) Hemispheres

Back 90

- Frontal (1)
- Parietal (1)
- Temporal (2)
- Occipital (1)
- Insula (2 - hidden inside)

Front 91

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Regions

Back 91

- Motory
- Sensory
- Association

Front 92

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Contralateral

Back 92

- means that info on the right goes to left brain, and info on left goes to right brain
- takes place at...
- Dessucation of Pyramids in Medulla Oblongata

Front 93

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Motor Region (4 areas)

Back 93

- Primary motor
- before central sulcus
- called precentral gyrus
- Premotor cortex
- memory of how to do a motor skill (association)
- Frontal eyefiled
- muscle control of eye
- cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
- association
- Broca's area
- motor speech area
- leftside of frontal lobe

Front 94

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region (8 areas)

Back 94

- primary sensory
- Somatosensory Association Area
- Primary Auditory Cortex
- Auditory Association Area
- Primary Visual Cortex
- Visual Association Area
- Gustatory Area
- Olfactory Bulbs and Cortex

Front 95

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Primary Sensory

Back 95

- Located in postcentral gyrus
- recieves info from receptors in skin/skeletal muscles
- identifies body region being stimulated

Front 96

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Somatosensory Assocation Area

Back 96

- Integrates and analyzes different sensory inputs

Front 97

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 97

- Located in Temporal lobe

Front 98

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Auditory Association Area

Back 98

- Perception
- due to memories, the information actually assocaited here is different for everyone

Front 99

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Primary Visual Cortex

Back 99

- for reception
- located in the Occipital Lobe

Front 100

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Visual Association Area

Back 100

Again - perception

Front 101

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Olfactory bulbs and Cortex

Back 101

- sense of smell - what more do ya need

Front 102

Parts of Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory region
- Gustatory Area

Back 102

- Taste at the tip of tongue
- located at the bottom of central sulcus

Front 103

Association

Back 103

Memory - the brains ability to associate information with other areas of the brain

Front 104

Association
- Personality

Back 104

Its your mood, how you act and what you do

Front 105

Association
- Prefrontal Cortex

Back 105

- MAIN AREA FOR ASSOCIATION
- most complicated region
- processing to form personality
- closely linked to limbic (emotions)
- Intellect
- Complex learning abilities

Front 106

Association
- Left Brain

Back 106

- concrete information
- mathematical, logic, rational tasks, performing sequential processes

Front 107

Association
- Right Brain

Back 107

- Abstract information
- Musical and artistic awareness

Front 108

Association
- Language

Back 108

- Wernicke's area
- Located in left Brain
- sounding out unfamiliar words
- translates words into thoughts
- areas on right brain add tonal inflection and emotional content

Front 109

Association
- Visceral

Back 109

Interpretaion from viscera

Front 110

White Matter
- Characteristics (3)

Back 110

- Lines of communication for brain
- take things from one area of grey matter to another
- Axons are mylennated
- (4) types of tracts
- Commissures
- Association fibers
- Projection fibers
- Fornix

Front 111

White Matter
- Types of tracts
- Commissures

Back 111

- tracts run between the (2) cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
- Corpus Callosum - largest
- it runs from Right to left and Left to Right between 2 ventricles

Front 112

White Matter
- Types of tracts
- Association Fibers

Back 112

- From one area of a hemisphere to another in the same hemisphere

Front 113

White Matter
- Types of tracts
- Projection Fibers

Back 113

- at spinal cord, they fan out
- Shape is circle
- Corona Radiata
- looks like fiber optic flashlight

Front 114

White Matter
- Types of tracts
- Fornix

Back 114

- bandlike fiber tracts concerned with olfaction as well as limbic system functions

Front 115

Basal Nuclei

Back 115

- Cluster of cell bodies in Central Nervous System
- it is the inside area of grey matter

Front 116

Basal Nuclei
- Characteristics

Back 116

- Regulates motor control
- cell bodies are packged together

Front 117

Basal Nuclei
- Anterior

Back 117

- Lentiform and Caudate
- Corpus Striatum

Front 118

Basal Nuclei
- posterior

Back 118

- Amygdaloid - functionality belongs to Limbic system (emotions)

Front 119

Basal Nuclei
- middle of brain

Back 119

Located here (no shit)

Front 120

Cortex means area is located in...

Back 120

Outer Grey matter

Front 121

Diencephalon

Back 121

- develops behind Basal Nuclei
- (3) Regions = Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

Front 122

Diencephalon
- Thalamus

Back 122

- GATEWAY TO CORTEX
- acts as a major sensory relay and integration center of brain

Front 123

Diencephalon
- Epithalamus

Back 123

- forms roof of 3rd Ventricle
- Pineal gland = Secretes malatonin involved with sleep-wake cycles and moods
- Choroid plexus = produces cerebral spinal fluid

Front 124

Diencephalon
- Hypothalamus

Back 124

- Neural clearing house for autonomic and emotional response
- Visceral control
- Autonomic control = respiration rate, emotions, sleep, hunger, thirst, temperature reg, sex drive, sleep/wake cycle
- ends in Infundibulum = connects to pituitary gland = releases hormones

Front 125

Limbic System

Back 125

The Emotional Brain
- its where emotions live

Front 126

Limbic System
- Fornix

Back 126

- Links limbic system regions together
- White matter

Front 127

Limbic System
- 2 important parts to emotions

Back 127

Amygdala = recognizes fearful/angry faces, assesses danger, and creates fear response
Cingulate Gyrus = helps w/ conflict resolution, expressing emotions through gestures

Front 128

Limbic System
- Amygdala and Hippocampus

Back 128

- together equal LONGTERM MEMORY
- changes new info into longterm memories

Front 129

Limbic System
- special interaction with prefrontal cortex

Back 129

there is a special relationship between feelings and thoughts

Front 130

Reticular Activating System

Back 130

Activates Cerebrum to wake up brain (and person)

Front 131

Meninges

Back 131

covering of the brain & Spinal cord

Front 132

Meninges order

Back 132

from outside in...

Skull
Duramater periosteal (not in Spinal cord)
Duramater meningeal
Arachnoid mater
Subarachoid space
Pia mater

Front 133

Meninges
- Skull

Back 133

The outermost covering of the brain, it is wrapped in Periosteum

Front 134

Meninges
- Dura Mater

Back 134

It is rough and leathery w/ 2 layers
- Periosteal =(not in spinal cord
- Meningeal = true external covering of brain
- Meningeal AKA dural sheath of spinal cord

Front 135

Meninges
- Arachoid Mater

Back 135

Located as the middle Mater
- loose covering not dipping into sulci
- it is made of fine fibers and is elastic

Front 136

Meninges
- Subarachoid Space

Back 136

- Weblike extensions attach Arachoid Mater to Pia Mater
- Contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid and the largest blood vessels serving the brain
- Arachoid Villi = Absorbs Cerebral spinal fluid into blood stream

Front 137

Meninges
- Pia Mater

Back 137

- Delicate, very sticky connective tissue
- many tiny blood vessels
- only layer to cling tightly to brain

Front 138

Blood Barrier
-use and exceptions

Back 138

- capillary endothelial cells joined by tight junctions, which is the least permeable in the body
- exceptions are the avomiting center of brain stem and hypothalamus
- not yet developed in new borns - so be careful...

Front 139

Type of Stimulus
- Mechanoreceptors

Back 139

- mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch

Front 140

Type of Stimulus
- Thermoreceptors

Back 140

- temperature changes

Front 141

Type of Stimulus
- Photoreceptors

Back 141

- light energy

Front 142

Type of Stimulus
- Chemoreceptors

Back 142

- chemicals in solution/taste, smell

Front 143

Type of Stimulus
- nociceptors

Back 143

- stimuli that results in pain

Front 144

Type of Stimulus
- proprioceptors

Back 144

- location of stimulus
- advises brain of body movements by monitoring how much organ is stretched

Front 145

Stucture of Nerve

Back 145

Nerve is a bundle of neuron fibers
- Neuron is a nerve cell
- most nerves are mixed (both sensory and motor
- special coverings of neurons

Front 146

Structure of Neuron
- coverings

Back 146

Myelin - covers Axon
Endoneuron - surrounds myelin
perineuron- surrounds fascicle (group of axons)
Epineuron - surrounds group of fascicles and blood vessels

Front 147

Cranial Nerves
- I

Back 147

Olfactory
- purely sensory
- smell

Front 148

Cranial Nerves
- II

Back 148

Optic
- purely sensory
- vision

Front 149

Cranial Nerves
- III

Back 149

Oculomotor
- purely motor
- "eye mover" 4/6 extrinsic eye muscles
- Parasympathetic

Front 150

Cranial Nerves
- IV

Back 150

Trochlear
- purely motor
- moves one muscle of eye

Front 151

Cranial Nerves
- V

Back 151

Trigeminal
- Mixed (both sensory and motor)
- has 3 divisions = Opthalmic, maxillary, and Mandibular
- dentist numbs maxillary and mandibular
- lets you feel teeth

Front 152

Cranial Nerves
- VI

Back 152

Abducens
- Purely Motor
- moves one extrinsic muscle of eye

Front 153

Cranial Nerves
- VII

Back 153

Facial
- largest Cranial nerve
- Major Cranial nerve for face
- laughing, smiling, and anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet & salty)
- Parasympathetic

Front 154

Cranial Nerves
- VIII

Back 154

Vestibular Cochlear
- Purely sensory
- hearing

Front 155

Cranial Nerves
- IX

Back 155

Glossopharyngeal
- Mixed (both sensory & motor)
- swallowing & latter 1/3 of tongue (bitter & sour)
- Parasympathetic

Front 156

Cranial Nerves
- X

Back 156

Vagus
- Mixed (both sensory & motor)
- only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck
- Parasympathetic

Front 157

Cranial Nerves
- XI

Back 157

Accessory
- Mixed (both sensory & motor)
- has 2 roots = cranial root from medulla oblongata, spinal root from c1-c5

Front 158

Cranial Nerves
- XII

Back 158

Hypoglossal
- Mixed (both sensory and motor)
- swallowing and speech

Front 159

Levels of Motor Control
- (list them)

Back 159

From lowest to high
- segmental
- projection
- precommand

Front 160

Levels of Motor Control
- Segmental

Back 160

- lowest level
- Spinal cord circuits

Front 161

Levels of Motor Control
- Projection

Back 161

- middle level
- upper motor neurons of motor cortex and brain stem

Front 162

Levels of Motor Control
- Precommand

Back 162

- highest level
- cerebellum and nuclei

Front 163

Somatic Nerves

Back 163

Motor neuron cell bodies in CNS and axons extend in spinal nerves to skeletal muscles
- thick and heavily myelinated
- lack ganglia

Front 164

Spinal Cord
- beginning and ending

Back 164

- Continous from 4th ventricle
- has a central canal
- oval shaped
- goes through Magnum foramen
- ends at L1 or L2 vertebrae

Front 165

Spinal Cord
- Butterfly shape (meaning)
- Horns

Back 165

- White matter outside
- grey matter inside
- Posterior Horns = dorsal = sensory
- Anterior Horns = ventral = motor

Front 166

Spinal Cord
- sensory tracts
- 1st 2nd 3rd order

Back 166

- Sensory tracts ascend
- 1st order = dorsal root ganglion
- 2nd order = dorsal horn
- 3rd order = thalamus

Front 167

Spinal Cord
- motor tracts
- upper motor neurons
- lower motor neurons

Back 167

- motor tracts descend
- upper motor neurons = go from motor cortex to motor nuclei
- lower motor neurons go from anterior horns to skeletal muscles

Front 168

Spinal Cord
- Reflex centers

Back 168

Interneurons are the reflex centers
- involuntary and rapid

Front 169

Spinal Cord
- Reflex centers order of operations

Back 169

Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Integration Center - Motor Neuron - Effector

*** just like that***

Front 170

Spinal Cord
- other names for Integration center

Back 170

Integration center - AKA - Interneuron - AKA - Association Center

Front 171

Spinal Cord
- Cauda Equina

Back 171

"Horse's tail"
- collection of nerve roots at inferior end that fan out

Front 172

Spinal Cord
- Conus Medullaris

Back 172

- end of cord in tapering cone shaped struture.

Front 173

Spinal Cord
- Spinal Tap location

Back 173

Below spinal cord, below L3 vertebrae
- b/c spinal cord ends at L1 or L2

Front 174

Spinal Cord
- Filum terminale

Back 174

Pia mater fastens cord in place

Front 175

Spinal Nerves
- Total breakdown

Back 175

31 total spinal nerves
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal

Front 176

Spinal Nerves
- length

Back 176

They be short

Front 177

Spinal Nerves
- ganglia

Back 177

Group of cell bodies outside CNS

Front 178

Spinal Nerves
- Dorsal root

Back 178

SENSORY - AFFERENT
- cell bodies lie outside spinal cord in dorsal root ganglion

Front 179

Spinal Nerves
- Ventral root

Back 179

MOTOR - EFFERENT
- cell bodies lie in anterior horn

Front 180

Spinal Nerves
- Rami

Back 180

Spinal nerve branches into dorsal and ventral Rami
- Mixed (both Sensory & motor)

Front 181

Spinal Nerves
- Plexus

Back 181

Formed from ventral Rami

Front 182

Spinal Nerves
- Plexus = Cervical

Back 182

- C1-C4
- Phrenic nerve is most important = sensory and motor nerves for diaphram

Front 183

Spinal Nerves
- Plexus = Brachial

Back 183

- C5-C8 + T1
- it is entire nerve supply to upper extremities, neck and shoulder muscles
- Ulna = funny bone = nerve rests against medial epicondoyle
- Radial = largest branch

Front 184

Spinal Nerves
- Plexus = Lumbar

Back 184

- L1-L4
- abdominal wall, external genitals, part of lower extremities
- Femoral = Largest nerve in body = goes through thigh, buttocks,perneum, and lower extremities

Front 185

Spinal Nerves
- Plexus = Sacral

Back 185

- L4-L5 + S1-S4
- Sciatic nerve = thickest and longest in body
- Pudendal nerve = causes erection, involuntary urination

Front 186

Spinal Nerves
- Dermatones + one exception

Back 186

area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
- C1 is the only spinal nerve that does not innervate a dermatone

Front 187

Spinal Nerves
- Hilton's law

Back 187

Same nerve will effect skin, muscle and joint in the same localized area

Front 188

Spinal Nerves
- Intercostal Nerves

Back 188

come from thoracic vertebrae

Front 189

Autonomic Nervous System
- Traits

Back 189

- Mixed (both sensory and motor)
- Part of the periphreal nervous system
- Effectors are smooth muscle, cardia, and glands
- normally involuntary
- has 2 neuron chain consisting of cell body of preganglionic neuron in brain or spinal cord preganglionic axon and cell body of ganglionc neuron outside CNS postganglionic axon

Front 190

(2) divisions of ANS

Back 190

Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system

Front 191

Sympathetic system
- diff from Para

Back 191

- accelerates body
- arises from T1-T2
- preganglionic fibers are short
- postganglionic fibers are long
- Uses ACh for preganglion, Norepinephrine for Postganglion
-Ganglion are far away from organ, but close to CNS
- FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Front 192

Parasympathetic System
- diff from Sympathetic

Back 192

- Brakes
- arises from III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4
- preganglionic fibers are long
- postganglionic fibers are short
- Ganglion are near organs, away from CNS
- used for resting and digesting

Front 193

Sympathetic system
- characteristics

Back 193

- Rage, Terror, fear
- Dilates pupil by contracting radial muscle to open eye
- relaxes bladder muscle, contracts anal sphincter
- increases heart rate
- decreases digestion rate
- increases blood pressure, affects kidneys with renin
- relaxes bonchiole to breath more
- liver changes glycogen to glucose for energy

Front 194

Parasympathetic system
- characteristics

Back 194

- slows you down
- maintains homeostasis
- contracts pupil by contracting circular muscle
- contracts bladder muscle and relaxes anal sphincter
- decreases heart rate
- increases digestion rate
- constricts bonchioles

Front 195

Similarities
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Back 195

- serve most of the same organs
- generally cause opposing effects
- all preganlions release ACh