Ap Human Geography - Set 1

Front 1

Geography

Back 1

Study of the Earth

Front 2

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)/

Universal Time (UT)

Back 2

Time at the prime meridian (0˚longitude), is the master reference time for all points on Earth

Front 3

Agricultural density

Back 3

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Front 4

Epidemiology

Back 4

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Front 5

Migration Transition

Back 5

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Front 6

Refuges

Back 6

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Front 7

Culture

Back 7

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition

Front 8

Custom

Back 8

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

Front 9

Creole or creolized language

Back 9

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Front 10

Language Branch

Back 10

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

Front 11

Animism

Back 11

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

Front 12

Ethnic religion

Back 12

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Front 13

Sect (of a religion)

Back 13

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Front 14

Apartheid

Back 14

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

Front 15

Racism

Back 15

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Front 16

Triangular slave trade

Back 16

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean islands to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

Front 17

Anocracy

Back 17

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types

Front 18

Gerrymandering

Back 18

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

Front 19

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Back 19

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country

Front 20

Gross national income (GNI)

Back 20

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Front 21

Agribusiness

Back 21

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

Front 22

Undernourishment

Back 22

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

Front 23

Cottage Industry

Back 23

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution

Front 24

Right-to-work state

Back 24

A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment

Front 25

Central place theory

Back 25

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

Front 26

Gravity model

Back 26

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Front 27

Census tract

Back 27

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts are often delineated to correspond roughly to neighborhoods

Front 28

Gentrification

Back 28

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area

Front 29

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

Back 29

In the United States, a central city of at least 50000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent countries meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Front 30

Peripheral Model

Back 30

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

Front 31

Primary census statistical area (PCSA)

Back 31

In the United States, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical area

Front 32

Sector Model

Back 32

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)

Front 33

Social area analysis

Back 33

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area

Front 34

Sprawl

Back 34

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Front 35

Squatter settlement

Back 35

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Front 36

Greenhouse effect

Back 36

Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

Front 37

Nonrenewable enegy

Back 37

A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted

Front 38

Renewable energy

Back 38

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans

Front 39

Resource

Back 39

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use

Front 40

Sustaiable development

Back 40

The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development