Chapter 7 Ap Human Geography

Front 1

Standard language

Back 1

A common language used in business, education, and mass media/communications.

Hint 1

Common,

Front 2

Isoglosses

Back 2

A line on a dialect map that marks the boundary between linguistic features.

Hint 2

Limits,borders, linguistic map

Front 3

Sounds shifts

Back 3

The change of pronunciation of a part of a word in languages.

Hint 3

Change,

Front 4

Deep reconstruction

Back 4

The recreation of a language that precedes an extinct language using vocabulary of that extinct language.

Hint 4

Extinct,recreate

Front 5

Language convergence

Back 5

The transition or collapse of two languages into one due to consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages.

Hint 5

Spatial interaction, One primary language

Front 6

Agriculture theory

Back 6

Idea that proto-indo-european language spread as a result of the spread of agriculture.

Hint 6

Agriculture, Proto-indo-European,

Front 7

Conquest theory

Back 7

Idea that the Proto-Indo-European language diffused due to the spread by horseback, overtaking earlier inhabitants.

Hint 7

Conquest,Proto-Indo-European

Front 8

Nostratic

Back 8

A language family that is theorized to predate all languages and is where all language families descended from.

Hint 8

Predate,language families

Front 9

Renfrew model

Back 9

Theory proposed by Colin Renfrew that argues that three agricultural areas have given rise to Proto-Indo-European such as in Anatolia,Turkey.

Hint 9

Agricultural source,Anatolia

Front 10

Language divergence

Back 10

A process where a new language forms due to the break up of one language into several dialects due to the lack of spatial interaction.

Hint 10

Spatial interaction, dialects

Front 11

Austronesian

Back 11

Language arose from the Austro-Tai language family.

Hint 11

Austro-Tai

Front 12

Fijian

Back 12

An offshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian language subfamily spoken in Fiji.

Hint 12

Fiji,Malayo-Polynesian

Front 13

Malayo-Polynesian

Back 13

A major language subfamily in the south Pacific region.

Hint 13

Subfamily, Pacific

Front 14

Polynesian

Back 14

An offshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily spoken by the Maori in New Zealand.

Hint 14

Maori,New Zealand

Front 15

Amerind

Back 15

One of three proposed families of indigenous American languages; thought to be the oldest and largest

Hint 15

Oldest,largest,indigenous,Greenberg hypothesis,

Front 16

Greenberg Hypothesis

Back 16

A proposed idea that there are only three language families for indigenous Americans.

Hint 16

Amerind,Na-Dene,Eskimo-Aleut

Front 17

Preliterate Societies

Back 17

Peoples who speak their language but don't write them.

Front 18

Na-Dene

Back 18

The next oldest of three indigenous American languages; spoken by the Apache, Navajo, and into northwest Canada and Alaska.

Hint 18

Apache,Navajo

Front 19

Eskimo-Aleut

Back 19

The third oldest of the three indigenous American languages; spoken around the Arctic region

Hint 19

Arctic

Front 20

Lingua franca

Back 20

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people with different languages.

Hint 20

Commonly, trade,mutual

Front 21

Pidgin

Back 21

A form of speech that's simplified from the lingua franca to communicate.

Hint 21

Simplified,lingua franca

Front 22

Creolization

Back 22

The language replacement of a dominant, colonizer language over an indigenous language. (Also defines Creole)

Hint 22

Language replacement,colonizer,indigenous, Creole

Front 23

Monolingual states

Back 23

Nations where only one language is spoken. Ex: Japan

Hint 23

One language

Front 24

Multilingual states

Back 24

Countries where more than one language is used. Ex: Canada

Hint 24

Many languages

Front 25

Official language

Back 25

Language adopted by government for business and documentation.

Hint 25

Government,documents, business

Front 26

Toponymy

Back 26

The study of place-names.

Ex: French place names in Louisiana

Hint 26

Place-names,

Front 27

Romance languages

Back 27

Languages derived from areas once controlled under the Roman empire.

Ex: French, Spanish, Italian

Hint 27

Roman, French, Spanish

Front 28

Commodification

Back 28

The transformation of ideas or goods into something worth of economic value.

Hint 28

Value, transform

Front 29

Folk culture

Back 29

Groups whose culture and traditions slowly progress and change over time.

Hint 29

Change over time,traditions

Front 30

Popular culture

Back 30

Nontraditional ideas and media used to describe a mass culture such as those in urban societies.

Hint 30

Mass culture

Front 31

Post-modern

Back 31

Term used to describe a stylized cultural trend as a reaction to skepticism.

Hint 31

Skepticism,

Front 32

Global-local continuum

Back 32

What happens on the global scale affects the local stage and vice versa.

Hint 32

Global stage,local scale

Front 33

Syncretism

Back 33

Elements from different cultural sources combine to produce something new.

Hint 33

Combine

Front 34

Hybridity

Back 34

A cross between two separate cultures.

Hint 34

Cross, mixture

Front 35

Esperanto

Back 35

A global language created in the 20th century, based on Latin and European languages.

Hint 35

Global language,universal

Front 36

Language families

Back 36

Large, groups that are the sources of many languages.

Hint 36

Groups, sources

Front 37

Language subfamily

Back 37

Related languages in a family that have more similar and definite traits with one another.

Hint 37

Related, definite traits

Front 38

Language groups

Back 38

Sets of individual languages within subfamilies

Hint 38

Individual languages, within subfamilies