Ap Huge Unit 4

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political geography

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a subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface.

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state

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a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community

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territoriality

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in political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended

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sovereignty

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a principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

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territorial integrity

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the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states

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mercantilism

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a protectionist policy of European states during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with other countries

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nation

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a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes

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nation-state

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a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by people who see themselves

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democracy

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government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

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multinational state

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state with more than one nation within its borders

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multistate nation

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nation that stretches across borders and across states

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stateless nation

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a nation that does not have a state

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colonialism

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rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place

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capitalism

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economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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commodification

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the process through which something is given monetary value. It occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy

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core

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processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth that periphery processes in the world economy

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periphery

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processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth that core processes in the world economy

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semiperiphery

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places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

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ability

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in the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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centripetal

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forces that tend to unify a country-such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

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centrifugal

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forces that tend to divide a country-such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

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unitary

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highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power

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federal

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a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds

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devolution

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movement of power from the central government to region governments within the state

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territorial representation

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system where in each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

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reapportionment

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process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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splitting

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the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts

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majority-minority districts

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the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

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gerrymandering boundary

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drawing voting districts to benefit one group over another

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geometric boundary

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based on grid system. For example, U.S. and Canada is a certain latitude

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physical-political boundary

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agreed on a geographic landscape. For example, U.S. and Mexico is the Rio Grande

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heartland theory

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this states that if you control East Europe, you control the world

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critical geopolitics

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process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

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unilateralism

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world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

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supranational organization

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opposite of devolution, 3 or more members, for mutual benefit of shared goals. Examples-EU, NATO, NAFTA, OPEC, and OEEC

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fragmented state

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a state that is broken into 2 or more parts

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elongated state

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a state whose shape is long and narrow

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prorupted state

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a state that has a protrusion extending outward

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compact state

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a state whose territory is roughly equidistant in all directions from the center point

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perforated state

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a state the has within its borders another state or part of another state

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enclave

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a part of a state that exists within the boundaries of another state

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exclave

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a part of a state that is separated from the larger part by the territory of another state

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buffer state

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a state that lies between two much larger states; conflict between other states often occurs on the territory of this state.

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microstate

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a very small independent state