A.p. History Chapter 21

Front 1

Walter Lafeber

Back 1

~ walter's view on expansionism
- "the United States did not set out on an expansionist path in the late 1890s in a sudden, spur of the moment fashion
~ the overseas empire that Americans controlled in 1900 was not a break in their history, but a natural clumination

Front 2

Monroe Doctrine

Back 2

~ throughout the nineteenth century, America enuciated bold policies such as the monroe doctrine
~ it instructed European nations to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, while reamianing volnerable to foreign attack

Front 3

Isolationism

Back 3

~ a belief that the United States should stay out of entanglements with other nations
~ It was widespread after the Spnaish-American War in the late 1890s and influenced later U.S. foreign policy

Front 4

Imperialism

Back 4

~ the policy of extending a nation's power through military conquest, economic dominations, or annexations

Front 5

Josiah Strong

Back 5

~ a congregational minister and fervent expansionist
~ he traveled extensively through the West for the Home Missionary Society
~ published a book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis drawn from his experiences
~ the book called on foreign missions to civilize the world under the Anglo-Saxon races
~ he became a nation celebrity

Front 6

"Our Country"

Back 6

~ was a book written by Josiah Strong
~ it arguedfor expanding American trade and dominion
~ trade was important because the desire for material things was one of the hallmarks of civilized people
~ Christianity was also very important, and by exporting both trade and religion, Americans could civilize and Christianize inferior races around the world

Front 7

William Henry Seward

Back 7

~ was Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869
~ he developed a vision of an American empire stretching south into Latin America and west to the shores of Asia
~ his vision included included Canada, Mexicao, islands in the Caribbean, and Hawaii
~ Seward tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a commerical treaty with Hawaii in 1867. The same year he annexed the Midway Islands
~ 1867: he concluded a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska

Front 8

Queen Liliuokalani

Back 8

~ was the new strong-willed nationalist queen of Hawaii, who took over after King Kalakaua died
~ she decreed a new constitution that gave greater power to native Hawaiians
~ unhappy American residents revolted and asked John L. Stevens, the American minister in Honolulu, for help
~ Stevens sent 150 marines ashore from the cruiser Boston, and within three days, the bloodless revolution was over
~ The Queen surrendered and the rebels set up a provision government
~ Stevens urged annexation and on February 14, 1893, Harrison's secretary of state, John W. Foster, and delegates of the new government signed a treaty annexing Hawaii to the U.S.
~ However, the senate would not ratify the agreement because their was less than 2 weeks in Harrison's term
~ When Cleveland took office, he withdrew the treaty, and restored the the queen to her throne, stating that this rebellion was improper

Front 9

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Back 9

~ Mahan was one of the main forces behind the new navy in the U.S. and was one of the most influential naval strategists
~ he devoted a lifetime to studying the influence of sea power in history
~ he believed that the basis of a nation's wealth and power was based on how strong their military was
~ Mahan argued that the U.S. must compete in the worldy struggle and expand
~ Mahan influenced a generation of policymakers in the U.S. and Europe

Front 10

"The influence of sea power upon history"

Back 10

~ was a book written by Mahan
~ it summarized his beliefs in this major book
~ his beliefs all boiled down to the keys of a nation's success was through their military

Front 11

George Dewey

Back 11

~ he was a spanish-amerian war hero
~ commander of the Asiatic Aquadron located at Hong Kong
~ they crushed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
~ Dewey became a nation war hero
~ Dewey had two modern cruisers, a gunboat, and a Civil War paddle steamer
~ with the surrender of the Manila came the Philippines

Front 12

McKinley Tariff

Back 12

~ 1890: ended the special status given Hawaiian sugarand at the same time awarded American producers a bounty of two cents a pound
~ Hawaiian sugar production dropped dramatically, unemployment rose, and property values fell
~ the act lead to the annexation of hawaii

Front 13

Wilson Gorman Tariff

Back 13

~ exports to Cuba dropped precipitously when the 1894 Gorman Act ended reciprocity
~ duties on sugar were raised 40 percent, Cuban's main resource
~ With the island's sugar market in ruins, discontent with Spanish rule heightened
~ in February 1895, revolt again broke out

Front 14

Valeriano Weyler

Back 14

~ was the new general in Cuba for Spain in January 1896
~ he was relentless and brutal
~ Weyler gave the rebels ten days to lay down their arms
~ He put into affect a reconcentration policy which caused the death of thousands of Cubans

Front 15

Yellow Journalism

Back 15

~ In order to sell newspapers to the public before and during the Spanish-American War, publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engaged in blatant sensationalization of the news
~ Although it did not cause the war with Spain, it helped turn U.S. public opinion against Spain's actions in Cuba

Front 16

USS Maine

Back 16

~ in the evening of February 15, an explosuion tore through the hull of the Maine in Havana harbor
~ the ship sank quickly, 266 lives were lost
~ the Americans blamed it on Spain
~ USS Maine fueled the tension towards war

Front 17

Reconstruction Policy

Back 17

~ General Weyler put into effect a reconcentration policy in Cuba
~ it was designed to move the native population into camps and destroy the rebellion's popular base
~ Herded into close and unsanitary areas, Cubans died by the thousands

Front 18

Teller Amendment

Back 18

~ sponsored by Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado
~ In this amendment, the U.S. pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba and that it would recognize Cuban independece from Spain after the Spanish-American War

Front 19

"Splendid Little War"

Back 19

~ John Hay, McKinley's soon to be secretary of state, called the Spanish-American War a splendid little war
~ the war was very quick, and very few americans died

Front 20

San Juan Hill

Back 20

~ July 1, the Rough Riders, troops from the four black regiments, and the other regulars reached the strong fortifications at ElCaney and San Juan Hill
~ for the better part of a day, the defenders fought stubbornly and held back the army's elite corps.
~ In the confusion of battle, Roosevelt rallied an assortment of infantry and cavalry to take Kettle Hill, adjacent to San Juan

Front 21

Treaty of Paris 1898

Back 21

~ Signed by the U.S. and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War
~ Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
~ At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Sain also ceded the Philippines
~ the senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899

Front 22

Charles Francis Adams

Back 22

~ he warned that the possession of colonies meant big armies, government and debts
~ "an income tax looms up in the largest possible proportions," he said

Front 23

Anti-Imperialist League

Back 23

~ This organization was formed in November 1898 to fight against the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War
~ Members opposed the acquisition of overseas colonies by the U.S., believed it would subvert American ideals and institutions
~ member ship centered in New England; the cause was less popular in the South than the West

Front 24

Foraker Act

Back 24

~ this act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory
~ Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship
~ the president appointed the island's governor and governing council

Front 25

Platt Amendment

Back 25

~ this amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests
~ Cuba pledged not to make treaties with other countries that might compromise its independence
~ it granted naval bases to the United States, the most notable being Guantanamo Bay

Front 26

Open Door Policy

Back 26

~ established in a series of notes by Secretary of State John Hay in 1900
~ established free trade between the U.S. and China
~ attempted to enlist major European and Asian nations in recognizing the territorial integrity of China
~ it marked a departure from the American tradition of isolationism and signaled the country's growing involvement in the world

Front 27

John Hay

Back 27

~ was McKinley's secretary of state
~ was the one who established the open door policy in a series of notes
~ he called the spanish-american war a splendid little war