A.p. History Chapter 20 Flaschards

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Minor v. Happerset

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~ The National Wwoman Suffrage Association early sued for the right to vote
~ In 1875, the Supreme Court upheld the states to deny this right to women

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Poll Tax

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~ In 1877, Georgia adopted the poll tax to make voters pay an annual tax for the right to vote
~ this was directed at blacks

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Williams v. Mississipppi

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~ In 1898, the Supreme Court uphled literacy tests

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Literacy Tests

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~ 1890: Mississippi required voters to be able to read and interpret the federal Constitution to the satisfactio of registration officials, all of them white
~ these tests exluded poor white voters as well as blacks

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Grandfather Clause

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~ 1898: Louisiana adopted the Grandfather Clause
~ permitted white men who had failed the literacy test to vote anway if their fathers and grandfathers had votedbefore 1867
~ that was a time when no blacks could vote

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Homestead Act

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~ Republicans passed it in 1862
~ it granted subsidies to the transcontinental railroads, and pushed other measures to encourage economic growth

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Munn v. Illinois

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~ The Illinois state constitution of 1870 declared railroads to be public highways and authorized the legislature to pass laws establishing maximum rates and preventing rate discrimination
~ Supreme Court uphled the Illinois legislation

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Wabash Decision

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~ it narrowed the Munn ruling and held that states could not regulate commerce extending beyond their borders
~ only congress could

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ICC

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~ established to investigate and oversee railroad activities
~ outlawed rebates and pooling agreements
~ became prototype of the federal commisiions that today regulate many parts of the economy

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Interstate Commerce Act

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~ the Wabash decision spurred Congress to pass the Interstate Commerce Act
~ which created the ICC

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Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act

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~ This act, a compromise between groups favoring the coinage of silver and those opposed to it, called for the partial coinage of silver.
~Those favoring silver coinage argued that it would add to the curreny and help farmers and workersl those who opposed it pointed out that few other major countries accepted silver coinage.
~ President Hayes vetoed the Bland-Allison bill in 1878, but Congress overrode his veto.

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James G. Blaine

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~ran in the presidential election against Cleveland
~ nearly won,but was defeated by Cleveland

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Pendleton Act

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~ Passed by Congress in 1883 with the backing of President Arthur, this act sought to lesson the involvement of politicians in the running of the government.
~ It created a bi-partisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive exams to candidates for civil service jobsand to appoint officeholders based on merit.
~ It also outlawed forcing political contributions from appointed officials.
~ The measure served as the basis for later expansion of a professional civil service

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McKinley Tariff Act

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~ was one of the many laws poured out of the Republican Congress during 1890
~ It reaised tariff duties about 4 percent, the highest it's ever been
~ it also included a novel reciprocity provision that allowed the president to lower duties if other countries did the same
~ the act used duties to promote new industries

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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~ passed by Congress in 1890, this act was the first major U.S. attempt to deal legislatively with the prblem of the increasing sixe of business.
~ it declared illegal every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce
~ penalties for violations were strict, ranging from fines to imprisonment and even the dissolution of guilty trusts

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United States v. E. C. Knight and Co.

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~ the first judicial interpretation of the antitrust act
~ court drew a sharp distinction between commerce and manufacturing, holding that the company, as a manufacturer, was not subject to law

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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~ an act that attempted to resolve the controversy over silver coinage
under itm the U.S. treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month and issue legal tender for it
~ the act pleased opponents of silver because it did not call for free coinage; it pleased proponents of silver because it bought up most of the nation's silver production

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Silverites

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~ support for silver was especially srong in the South and West
~ people thought it might inflate the currency
~ raise wages and crop prices
~ challenge the power of the gold-oriented Norhteast

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Billion Dollar Congress

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~ the Republican Congress of 1890 passes laws after laws
~ it was the most important congresss in history
~ Democrats labeled it billion dollar congress for spending that much in appropriations and grants

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National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union (All the Alliances)

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~ One of the largest reform movements in American history, the Farmer's Alliance sought to organize farmers in the South and West to fight for reforms that would improve their lot, including measures to overcome low crop prices, burdensome mortgages, and high railroad rates. The Alliance ultimately organized a political party, Populist party

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Ocala Demands

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~ adopted by the Famer's Alliance at an 1890 meeting in Ocala, Florida
~ these demands became the organization's platform
~ They called for the creation of a sub-treasury
~ the freecoinage of silver
~ an end to protective tariffs and national banks
~ a federal income tax, the direct election of senators by voters, and tighter regulation of railroads

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Populist Party

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~ this political party was organized in 1892, mainly from the Farmer's Alliance
~ It offered a broad-based reform platform reflecting the Ocala Demands
~ they nominated weaver in 92, then Bryan in 96
~ after 1896, it was considered a one-issue party focused on free silver and gradually died away
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Greenback-Labor Party

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~ third-party
~ Weaver ran under the Green-back party in 1880

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Industrial Black Friday

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~ a day of terrible strain long remember on the market
~ stock market broke an dleading stocks plunged to record lows that day

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Panici of 1893

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~ that year, the country went into a huge recession
~ banks were breaking all over the country
~ railroads failed
~ factoreis and mines shut down across the country
unemployment was high
~ corn failed

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Coxey's Army

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~ general Coxey led 300 men to the white house
~ Coxey wanted to put the nation's jobless to work building railroads
~ when Coxey reached the capital, he was arrested

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Pullman Stike

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~ one of the largest strikes in american history
~ workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for company housing, and layoffs
~ the american railray union, led by debs, joined the strike,
~ extending into 27 states and tterritories, it effectively paralyzed the western half of the nation
~ Cleveland secured an injuncttion to break the strike on the grounds that it obstructed the mail and sent federal troops to enforce it

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In Re Debs

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~ the supreme court upheld Deb's sentence in In re Debs
~ the Supreme Court endorsed the use of the injunction in labor disputes

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Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act

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~ passed in 1894
` reduced the tariff on coal, iron ore, wool, and sugar
~ ended the McKinle Tariff Act's popular reciprocity agreements with other countries
~ imposed a smal income tax that was overturned in 1895 by the supreme court

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Romanticism vs. realism

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~ both are forms of literature that are still popuar today
~ romanticism is when writers write about history or legend
~realism is when he writer writes about recent or conemporary life
~ the shift from romanticism to realism in 1865 probably occured because of the various political issue

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Colin's Financial School

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~ the most popular of all silver phamphlets, had the eloquent Coin
~ a wise unknown youthful, tutoring famous people on the currencyit sold 5 thousand copies at its peak in 1895

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William Jennings Bryan

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~ ran for president in 96 under democrat platform
~ gave the famous cross of gold speech
~ he lost in the election

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Cross of Gold Speech

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~ Bryan gave this speech so he could win over the democrats and also win him the presidential nominee

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Gold Standard Act

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~ passed by congress in 900, this law declared gold the nation's standard of currency