Ap Government And Politics

Front 1

Amendment 1

Back 1

Freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, religion, opinion

Front 2

Amendment 2

Back 2

Right to bear arms

Front 3

Amendment 3

Back 3

protection from quartering

Front 4

Amendment 4

Back 4

no unreasonable search/seizure

Front 5

Amendment 5

Back 5

no self incrimination, double jeproady; due process, indictment

Front 6

Amendment 6

Back 6

Right to counsel, quick trial, subpoenas, notice of accusation

Front 7

Amendment 7

Back 7

trial by jury

Front 8

amendment 8

Back 8

no excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment

Front 9

Amendment 9

Back 9

Unenumerated Right - constitution cannot be used to deny rights

Front 10

Amendment 10

Back 10

all rights not granted to federal gov't granted to states

Front 11

Amendment 11

Back 11

limits on lawsuits against states

Front 12

Amendment 12

Back 12

Revision on electoral college procedures

Front 13

Amendment 13

Back 13

abolished slavery

Front 14

Amendment 14

Back 14

HUGE. Due process, equal protection, and citizenship for former slaves. bill of rights applied to states

Front 15

Amendment 15

Back 15

black suffrage

Front 16

Amendment 16

Back 16

Federal income tax

Front 17

Amendment 17

Back 17

direct election of senators (used to be elected by state legislature)

Front 18

Amendment 18

Back 18

Prohibition begins

Front 19

Amendment 19

Back 19

Women's suffrage (1921)

Front 20

Amendment 20

Back 20

Presidential term beginning; emergency succession rules

Front 21

Amendment 21

Back 21

prohibition repealed

Front 22

Amendment 22

Back 22

two term limit for presidents

Front 23

Amendment 23

Back 23

Right to vote in DC

Front 24

Amendment 24

Back 24

Elimination of Poll taxes

Front 25

Amendment 25

Back 25

Presidential disability and succession

Front 26

Amendment 26

Back 26

Lowered voting age

Front 27

Amendment 27

Back 27

Congressional pay raises

Front 28

Everson v. Board

Back 28

Upheld new jersey policy of reimbursing parents for busing to catholic school

Front 29

Abbington v. Schepp

Back 29

Struck down law requiring bible readings

Front 30

Engel v. Vitale

Back 30

ruled school sanctioned prayer unconstitutional

Front 31

Lemon v Kurtzman

Back 31

established lemon test for upholding religious laws. struck down law to reimburse parochial schools

Front 32

Lynch v. Donnelly

Back 32

upheld law for gov't offices to celebrate christmas with nativity scenes as long as it included secular displays

Front 33

Palko v. Connecticut

Back 33

held that certain rights should be applied to states

Front 34

Wallace v. Jaffree

Back 34

Overturned law setting aside time for voluntary prayer

Front 35

Edwards v. Aguillard

Back 35

louisiana could not force schools teaching evolution to also teach creationism.

Front 36

Westside v. Mergens

Back 36

upheld equal access law; religious groups have equal access to public facilities

Front 37

Lee v. Weisman

Back 37

ruled against clergy led prayer at graduation

Front 38

Everson v. Board

Back 38

Upheld new jersey policy of reimbursing parents for busing to catholic school

Front 39

Abbington v. Schepp

Back 39

Struck down law requiring bible readings

Front 40

Engel v. Vitale

Back 40

ruled school sanctioned prayer unconstitutional

Front 41

Lemon v Kurtzman

Back 41

established lemon test for upholding religious laws. struck down law to reimburse parochial schools

Front 42

Lynch v. Donnelly

Back 42

upheld law for gov't offices to celebrate christmas with nativity scenes as long as it included secular displays

Front 43

Palko v. Connecticut

Back 43

held that certain rights should be applied to states

Front 44

Wallace v. Jaffree

Back 44

Overturned law setting aside time for voluntary prayer

Front 45

Edwards v. Aguillard

Back 45

louisiana could not force schools teaching evolution to also teach creationism.

Front 46

Westside v. Mergens

Back 46

upheld equal access law; religious groups have equal access to public facilities

Front 47

Lee v. Weisman

Back 47

ruled against clergy led prayer at graduation

Front 48

Reynolds v. United States

Back 48

Upheld law prohibiting polygamy even though it restricted religious freedom

Front 49

Wisconsin v Yoder

Back 49

court could not require amish parents to send kids to school past 8th grade - violated long standing beliefs

Front 50

Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith

Back 50

state could deny unemployment benefits to workers fired for using drugs religiously

Front 51

Schenck v. U.S

Back 51

court ruled that distributing anti draft flyers was a threat during wartime

Front 52

Chaplinsky v. Hampshire

Back 52

constitution did not protect "fighting words"

Front 53

Tinker v. Demoines

Back 53

Black armbands were protected symbolic speech

Front 54

Brandenburg v. Ohio

Back 54

inflammatory speech illegal only if there was immediate threat. Made clear and present danger test less restrictive.

Front 55

Miller Test

Back 55

1) appeal to indecent sexual desires
2)show outlawed sexual behavior explicitly
3) lack profound value

Front 56

Reno v. ACLU

Back 56

Ruled communications Decency act unconstitutional - was too vague in regulating internet speech

Front 57

Near v. Minnesota

Back 57

applied free press protections to states

Front 58

Dejonge v. Oregon

Back 58

applied free assembly rights to states

Front 59

Griswold v. Connecticut

Back 59

1, 3, 4, 9, 14 amendments created zones of privacy. Enhanced concept of enumerated rights.

Front 60

Wolf v. Colorado

Back 60

applied search/seizure protections to states

Front 61

Mapp v. Ohio

Back 61

created exlusionary rule to deter illegal policy behavior.

Front 62

Terry v. Ohio

Back 62

suspect searches are constitutional.

Front 63

Nix v. William

Back 63

created inevitably discovery rule --- evidence found w/o warrant can be used if it would've ben found inevitably.

Front 64

U.S v. Leon

Back 64

good faith exception = illegal evidence could be used if police officer thought they were acting legally.

Front 65

Powell v. Alabama

Back 65

due process guaranteed that defendents in death penalty cases get attorney

Front 66

Betts v Brady

Back 66

poor defendants in noncapital cases not given attorney. OVERTURNED

Front 67

Gideon v. Wainright

Back 67

overturned betts. poor defendants in state trials must be given attorneys

Front 68

Escobedo v. Illinois

Back 68

extended exclusionary rule to include illegal confessions in state court, also made escobedo rule -- suspect given attorney when investigation begins to focus on them

Front 69

Furman v. Georgia

Back 69

death penalty unconstitutional under state law b/c imposed arbitrarily

Front 70

Greg v. Georgia

Back 70

death penalty constitutional b/c imposed under circumstances

Front 71

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 71

prohibited discrimination in employment and public places, outlawed bias in federally funded programs, and created Equal Opportunity Employment Commission

Front 72

Civil Rights Act of 1991

Back 72

made it easier for job applicants and employees to bring suit against employers

Front 73

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 73

allowed federal registrars to register voters and outlawed literacy tests.

Front 74

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

Back 74

part of great society. Required federal funding for schools in low income areas

Front 75

federal budget process

Back 75

- agency proposals
- executive branch/agencies make pack
- congress debates
- president passes

Front 76

NAFTA= North American Free trrade Agreement.

Back 76

Created to allow free movement of goods through canada, u.s, and Mexico by eliminating and lessening tariffs.

Front 77

Virginia Plan

Back 77

bicameral; popular representation; veto power; judges choosen by legislative branch

Front 78

New Jersey Plan

Back 78

Unicameral Legislature; equal representation; no veto;; judges appted for life by executive

Front 79

Legislative checks over executive

Back 79

- override president veto
- impeachment
- refuse to confirm appts/ratify treaties
- creates executive agencies/programs
- appropriates funds

Front 80

Legislative checks over judiciary

Back 80

- creates lower courts
- sets judge salaries
- refuse to confirm appts
- propose amendments to overrule court
- impeachment of judges

Front 81

Executive checks over legislative

Back 81

veto acts of congress
call special sessions
recommend legislation

Front 82

executibe checks over judiciary

Back 82

president appoints judges
grants reprieves/pardons to offenders
may refuse to enforce decisions

Front 83

Article I

Back 83

legislative branch

Front 84

Article II

Back 84

executive branch

Front 85

Article III

Back 85

judiciary

Front 86

Art. IV

Back 86

Intergovernmental relationships

Front 87

Article V

Back 87

Amendment process

Front 88

Article VI

Back 88

supremacy clause

Front 89

Article VII

Back 89

ratification process

Front 90

Interstate Relations

Back 90

Full faith and Credit clause
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Extradition
interstate compacts

Front 91

Gibbons v, Ogden

Back 91

court expanded definition of interstate commerce to give federal gov't more power

Front 92

Independent regulatory Agencies

Back 92

independent from executive. Regulate or police. (Securities and Exchange Comission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Federal Reserve Board)

Front 93

Independent executive agencies

Back 93

similar to departments but do not have a cabinet status. (NASA, Small business administration)

Front 94

government corporations

Back 94

created by congress, carry out business like activities, and charge for services. (Tennessee Valley Authority, National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK), USPS.

Front 95

block grants

Back 95

general grants that can be used for a variety of purposes within a broad category (education, healthcare) fewer strings attached; more freedom for stat

Front 96

categorical grants

Back 96

grants with specific purpose defined by law (sewage treatment, school lunches). May be for projects (awarded competitively) or formula grants (ex – Medicaid). States may be required to provide matching funds

Front 97

grants in aid

Back 97

money/resources provided by national gov't to state gov'ts to be used for specific projects. Earliest grants were for roads, canals, railroads.

Front 98

Revenue Sharing

Back 98

proposed under Johnson administration. Popular under nixon admin. “no strings attached” aid to states. Never more than 2% of revenues given. Eliminated under Reagan.

Front 99

Mandates

Back 99

requirements imposed by national government. Unfunded mandates require states to meet mandate at their own expense. (Ex – Americans with disabilities act)

Front 100

public bill

Back 100

legislative bill dealing with matters of public concern

Front 101

private bill

Back 101

bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters

Front 102

simple resolution

Back 102

an expression of opinion in either house to settle procedural matters in either body

Front 103

concurrent resolution

Back 103

an expression of opinion without force of law that requires of approval of both houses but not president

Front 104

joint resolution

Back 104

fformal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by congress and president -- used to PROPOSE amendments

Front 105

executive order

Back 105

president directs agency to carry out policy

Front 106

executive agreement

Back 106

approval with another head of state not requiring approval from senate.

Front 107

trust funds

Back 107

funds for government programs that are collected/spent outside regular budget - usually for entitlement? limits power of congress.

Front 108

Chadha case

Back 108

ruled legislative vetos unconstitutional.