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95 Cards in this Set
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Linkage
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link people to govnm
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Political Party
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a group of people who hold similar political beliefs and goals and organize to win political elections and to set policy
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Party Organization
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political party structure and leadership
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Party in Government
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elected and appointed political officials with political parties
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Party in Electorate
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citizens who identify with a specific party
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Independent
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voter or candidate who doesn't associate themselves with a party
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Caucus
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a meeting of party leaders to select candidates, elect convention delegates and determine strategy (trying to mobilize voters)
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Critical Election
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important elections; could establish political dominance of a party for a period of years
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Two-Party System
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political system in which only 2 parties actually have a chance of winning
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Duvengers laws
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1. the winner of the majority earns the seat (runner ups recieve nothing-> discourages minority parties) 2. dualist theory- for every issue, there are two sides (each side will typically be two different parties)3. culture theories- political culture needs compromise or noting will get done
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1. Winner
2. Dualist Theory 3. Culture Theory |
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Single Member District
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electoral district from which a single legislator is choosen (whoever recieves the most votes wins!)
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Proportional Representation
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a method of voting by which political parties are given legislative representation to their popular vote
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Single Issue Party
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focuses on ONE issue (ex. Right To Live Party)
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Spin Off Party
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created when there is a faction in the larger party and some members create their own
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Splinter Party
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composed of people who broke away from another party
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Economic Protest Party
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party that protests econonomy(ie. populist party)
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National Convention
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a convention held every 4 years by each of the major political parties to nominate a presidential candidate; approval of platform (important statement of princible held by party or candidate; GOAL: win supportment
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National Committee
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organize convention; each party has their own committee; decides how to diversify their money to each candidate
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Congressional Campaign Committee
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each party has CCC (senators and representatives); finance campagin and election (get the limelight)
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Patronage
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the control of or power to make appointments to govnm jobs or the power to grant others political favors
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NOT MERIT
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Superdelegates
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a party leader or elected public official choosen as an uncommitted delegate to a national political convention
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Ideological Party
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groups bounded together because they share similar things in common
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Sponsored parties
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parties that are sponsored
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Personal Following
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a group of people who follow another person because of his/her interests and motives
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Platform
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a public statement of the principles, objectives, nad policy of political parties
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Divided Government
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split partisan control of Congress and the pesidency
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Primary
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preliminary election in which voters narrow the field
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Blanket Primary
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each voter gets one ballot and on the ballot lists each party's candidates and voters can vote for either party for office
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Closed Primary
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must be registered party voters (card- carrying voters)
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Open Primary
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general public can vote but cannot split the ticket (either all democrat or all republican)
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Presidential Primary
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a direct primary for the selection of state delegates to a national party convention and the expression of preference for a US presidential nominee
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General Election
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a regulary scheduled state or national election in which voters elect office holder
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Robert M. LaFollette
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1902 Wisconsin- first author of state primary low (during progressive era)
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Crossover voting
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ability to vote for a candidate of another party
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Split Ticket
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a ticket on which not all the candidates nominated by a party are members of the party
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Focus Groups
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small group of people led by a mediator (want to find people's views and beliefs on certain situations so the candidate knows what the people want)
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Frontloading
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practice of scheduling states' primary elections early so that voters can influence outcome
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Iowa Caucus
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1st caucus of presidential election (will influence voters!)
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New Hampshire Primary
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1st primary of the season
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Super Tuesday
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a large number of presidential primarys are held (mostly southern states)
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Preference Poll
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poll that lists name of the presidential candidates seperate from the delegates
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Mandatory Preference Poll
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poll that lists candidate and underneath are the delegates promised to them
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Electoral College
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a body of electors chosen by the voters in each state to elect the president and vice president
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Elector
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a member of the US electoral college
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Winner-Take-All
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a voting system in which a single winner is chosen in a given constituency by having the msot votes (majority gets all)
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Election Day
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the 1st Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November on which national elections are held for electors of the president and VP in those years evenly divisble by 4 (on even years constituents elect members of the house for 2yr terms and 1/3 of the senate for 6yr terms)
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Faithless Elector
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elector who doesn't vote for their designated party's candidate
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Federal Election Committee
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makes and enforces campaign finance restrictions
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Political Action Committee (PAC)
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designed to raise and spend money for a candidate or party
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Under IRS AND FEC
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527's
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organization in political activity through soft money to either support or rebel a candidate
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Under IRS
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In-Kind Contributions
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donating services, materials or space
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Independent Expenditures
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funds from outside groups that are donated independently (candidate have nothing to do with it) to support a candidate
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Hard Money
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money raised and spent by individuals, PAC's or party committees for specific political candidates
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Soft Money
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money raised and spent by organizations that are not coordinated directly with the candidate; money contributed to a political candidate or party that is not subject to federal regulations
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Federal Election Campagin Act of 1971 (FECA)
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PACs can give up to $5000 to up to 5 members of Congress as long as it is freely given
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US v. Newberry
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1920-ruled that parties and primaries are not in constitution and therefore Congress cannot regulate them
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War Labor Dispute Act of 1943
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prevents labor units from directly donating to an individual
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Federal Corrupt Practices Act in 1925
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addition to FCPA of 1911; expanded to prevent corruptious scandals from happening again (created as a result of TeaPot Dome scandal); parties had to file quartley reports (even in election years)
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Hatch Act (Political Activites Act) of 1939
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limits contributions to political parties (individuals under federal contract cannot donate money)
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Buckley v. Valeo
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federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns ($1000/person)
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Bipartisan Compaign Reform Act of 2002
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closed loophole for 527's
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Reapportionment
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redistribution of Congressional seats based on the US census
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Westbury v. Sanders
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1964- declares first district must hae same number of peope as all others
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Gerrymandering
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illegal drawing of mas so one political party is favored
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Political Interest Groups
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1. share interests/goals 2. organized/structured 3. desire to influence political policy
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Disturbance Theory
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there are changes with political environment (scares people) so we organize to protect our interests
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Selective Benefits
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are all about the benefits we will get for a being a member of a group
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Lobbying
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art of persuading public officials to support your position
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Revolving Door Politics
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former government officials representing interests in the public sector
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Political Action Committee (PAC)
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designed to raise and spend money for a candidate or party
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Bundling
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PACs give candidate checks written by individuals so that they are not from the PAC
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Connected PACs
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composed of people who have formed affliation with an established organization
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NonConnected PACs
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share some interests but NOT connected to an organization
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Private Interest Group
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work on behalf of a small group of people
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Professional Interest Groups
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represents a certain type of organization
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Public Employee Interest Groups
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only care about interests of government employees
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Single Issue Interest Groups
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connected with only one interest
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Direct Technique/Direct Lobbying
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interact directly with officials
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Indirect Technique/Indirect Lobbying
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interact indirectly with officials (interest groups will influence govnm)
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Astroturfing
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interest groups engineer grass root efforts (artifical response)
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Amicus Curiae Brief
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a written opinion on a judicial case submitted to the court by party whose not involved in the case but cares deeply about the outcome
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Federal Regulation Of Lobbying Act of 1946
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an act that required anyone hired for the princible of lobbying Congress, must register and file financial reports
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Ethics In Government Act of 1978
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prevents high or middle govnm officials from starting or joining a lobbying firm from 1 year after leaving
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LOBBYING
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Libel
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written defination of persons character
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Slander
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oral defination of persons character
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Negligence
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lack of care to find sources
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Actual Malice
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printing information known to be false
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Freedom of Information Act of 1966
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both the press and the people have access to some government information
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Prior Restraint
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issuing of judicial restraining order to prevent publishing OR broadcasting of an item
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Fairness Doctrine
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discussing important public issues must air both sides
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Equal Time Rule
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candidates must have equal airtime on TV
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Right of Rebuttal
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court case and broadcasting v. FCC (liberal author wrote a book about conservatives [wanted time to rebute])
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Negative Ad
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campaign ad that negatively represents a candidate
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Media Event
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political try to get coverage on television by showing themselves doing something dramatic
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Solidary Groups
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groups with similar ideas
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