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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The institutions and processes through which public policies are made for a society
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Government
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Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share
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public goods
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the process by which we select our government leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. Produces authoritive decisions about public issues
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politics
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all activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders/policies. voting most common
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political participation
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groups w/ a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, usually draw members from people new to politics
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single-issue groups
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the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time.
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policy making system
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the political channels through which peoples concerns become political issues on the policy agenda; media, interest groups, parties
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linkage institutions
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issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and others actually involved in politics at any given point in time
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policy agenda
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an issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it
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political issue
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branches of govt charged w/ taking action on political issues. 3 by constitution; congress, press, courts, buraucray added
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policymaking instituion
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a choice that govt makes in response to a political issue. a policy is a course of action taken w/ regard to some problem
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public policy
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a system of selecting policymakers and of organizing govt so that policy represent and responds to the publics preferences
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democracy
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a fundamental principle of traditional democratic theory. majority's desire be respected
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majority rule
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principle of traditional democratic theory guaranteeing rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reason argument
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minority rights
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a basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship betwwen the few leaders and the many followers
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representaion
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a theory of govt and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each pressing for its preferred policies
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pluralist theory
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a theory of govt and politics; upper class elite will rule regardless of teh formal niceties of governemntal organization
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elite and class theory
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a theory of govt and politics; groups are so strong that govt is weakened, extreme and exaggerated
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hyperpluralism
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A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. nothing gets done
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policy gridlock
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the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
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gross domestic product
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the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the govt
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individualism
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a nations basic law. creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in govt, provides guarantees to citizens
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constitution
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the doc approved by the reps of the american colonies in 1776 that stater their grievances against teh British monarch
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declaration of independence
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rights inherit in human beings, not dependent on govt; inc life libery property
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natural rights
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the idea that the govt derives its authority by sanction of the people
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consent of the governed
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the idea that certain restrictions should be placed on govt to protect the natural rights of citizens
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limited govt
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first consitution of US, failed horribly
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articles of confederation
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a series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by rev war captain daniel shay to block foreclosure proceedings
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shay's rebellion
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the doc written in 1787 sets for institutional structre of US govt and tasks it preforms
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US constitution
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intrest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that james madision attack in fed paper 10
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factions
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proposal at the constitutional conv that called for equal rep of each stat in congress
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new jersey plan
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proposal at const conv that called for rep based on population in congress
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virginia plan
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compromise to have 2 houses in congress, 1 on equal rep and 1 on pop
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connecticut compromise
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a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody
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writ of habeas corpus
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a feature of the constitution that requires each of the 3 branches to be relatively independent of teh others so no one can control the others. power shared between the 3
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separation of powers
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features of constitution limiting govts power by require that power be balanced among the 3 and allowing them to constrain one anothers activities
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checks and balances
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a form of govt in which the people select reps to govern them and make laws
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republic
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supporters of the us constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption
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federalists
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opponesnts of the american constituion at the time when the states were comptemplating its adoption
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anti federalists
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a collection of 85 articles written to defend teh constitution in detail
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federalist papers
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The first 10 amendments to the US constitution
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bill of rights
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a const amendment passed by congress in 1972, "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abriged by the us or by any state on account of sex" didnt pass state legistlatures
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equal rights amendment
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CC created judicial review
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Marbury v Madison
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The power of the courts to determine whether acts of congress, and by implication teh executive, are in accord w/ the us constitution
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judicial review
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A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of govt have formal authority over the same land and people
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federalism
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a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the centeral govt. most national govts today are this
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unitary govts
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the workings of the federal system- the entire set of interations among nation, state, and local govs
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intergovernemental relations
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article VI of the Cons which makes the Cons, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when within constitutional limits
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Supremacy clause
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amendment "powers not delegated to the US by the Cons given to the states"
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10th
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CC Supremacy of national over state govts. congress has implied powers in addition to enumerated powers
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McCulloch v Maryland
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powers of the fed gov given directly in the Cons; congress has coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes
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Enumerated powers
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powers the fed gov taht go beyond those listed in the Cons
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Implied powers
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Congress can pass all laws "neccessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers
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elastic clause
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CC Congress can regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every from of commercial activity
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Gibbons v Ogden
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a clause in Cons req each state to recognize the offical docs and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states
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full faith and credit
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a legal process where an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to those of another in which the crime was committed
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extradition
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a clause in the const according to citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states
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privileges and immunities
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a system of govt in which both the states and the national govt remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies
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dual federalism
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a system of govt where powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national govt
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cooperative federalism
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fed grants that can be used only for specific purposes; strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions
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categorical grants
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the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system
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fiscal federalism
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Federal categorical grants giving for specific purposes and given based on merit
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project grants
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Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legistlation or in administrative regulations
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formula grants
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Fed grands given more or less automatically to states to support broad programs such as community development and social services
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block grants
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The legal constitutional protections against the govt, formally set down in bill of rights
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civil liberties
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Amendment giving freedoms of speech religion assembly petition and press
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1st
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amendment giving right to bear arms
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2nd
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amendment protecting against forced quartering of troops
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3rd
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amendment protecting against unreasonable search and seizures
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4th
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amendment promising jury, due process, eminent domain, and protecting from double jeopardy, self-incrimination,
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5th
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amendment promising speedy trail, in area crime commited, and court proceedings
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6th
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amendment promising jurry
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7th
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amendment no excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment
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8th
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amendment saying rights shall not be denied
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9th
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CC Bill of rights on applies to Fed, not state
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Barron v Baltimore
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CC Freedom of press and speech proteced by due process clause of 14th from states and fed
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gitlow v new york
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amendment after civil war , freed slaves and has due process clause
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14th
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legal concept which supreme court nationtionalized bill of rights by applying it to the states under the 14th
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incorporation doctrine
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part of 1st stating that congress wont make a law establishing religion
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establishment clause
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part of 1st prohibiting govt from interfering with practice of religion
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free exercise clause
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CC financial aid to chuch schools must 1) have a secular legistlative purpose 2) have a primary effect that neither enhances nor inhibits religion 3) not foster excessive govt ties with religion
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lemon v kurtzman
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CC State can provide families w/ vouchers that can be used to pay for tuition at religious schools
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zelman v simmons-harris
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CC state officials violate 1st by writing prayer for NY school kids to recite
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engel v vitale
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CC pennsylvania law req bible reading in schools violates establishment clause of 1st
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school district of abington township, pennsylavnia v schempp
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Govt preventing material from being published. usually unconstitutional in US by 1st
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prior restraint
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CC 1st protects newspapers from prior restraint
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Neav v Minnesota
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CC upheld conviction of socialist who urged young men to reisist the draft during WWI. Govt can limit speech if it causes "clear and present danger"
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schenck v US
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CC proper seach warrant can be applied to a newspaper as well as anyone else w/o violating 1st freedom of press
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zurcher v stanford daily
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CC obscenity is not protected by 1st freedom of speech or press
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roth v US
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CC Community standards decide whats obscene based on prurient intrest and patently offensive and lacking in value
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miller v california
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the publication of falce or malicious statements that damage someones rep
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libel
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CC must prove actual malice to win suit for libel, more famous=more open to attack
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new york times v sullivan
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CC flag burning protected symbolic speech
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texas v johnson
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nonverbal communications
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symbolic speech
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communication in the form of advertising, restricted more than other types of speech
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commercial speech
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CC state cant force newspaper to print replies from candidates it had criticized, govt has limited ability to restrict print media
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miami herald publishing company v tornillo
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CC restrictions on broadcast media much tighter because of limited frequencies (tv and radio)
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red lion broadcasting company v federal communications commision
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CC NAACP doesnt have to reveal membership list to prevent harassment
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NAACP v alabama
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situation when police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested, when arresting can legally search for and seize incriminating evidence
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probable cause
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obtaining evidence in a random manner, prohibited by 4th. probable cause/ search warrant required to make it legal
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unreasonable searches and seizures
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a written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what teh police are looking for
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search warrant
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rule that evidence obtained unconstitutionally cant be used in trial
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exclusionary rule
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CC 4ths protection from unreasonable search and seizure applies to states too
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mapp v ohio
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situation when an individual is accused of a crime and compelled to be a witness against ones self. 5th forbids it
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self incrimination
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CC sets guidelines for questioning off accused and rights to councel
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miranda v arizona
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CC everyone has right to a lawyer if accused of felony as said in 6th
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gideon v wainwright
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a bargain struck between defendants lawyer and prosecuter. plea guilty to lesser crime in exchange for more serious crime not being prosecuted
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plea bargain
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prohibited by 8th. mandatory death sentence is this, but not death sentence itself
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cruel and unusual punishment
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CC Death penalty constitutional
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Gregg v georgia
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CC death penalty doesnt violate 14th due to minority defendants being more likely to get it
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mccleskey v kemp
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the right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of the govt
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right to privacy
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CC state ban on abortions unconstitutional
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roe v wade
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CC loosened standard for restriction abortion from strict scrutiny on a right to undue burden
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planned parenthood v casey
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policies design to protect people against arbitrary or discriminitory treatment by govt or individuals
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civil rights
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part of 14th emphasizing that laws must provide equivalent protection to all people
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equal protection of the laws
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CC escaped slaves to free states have no rights and congress cant ban slavery in territories
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scott v sandford
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amendment after civil war forbidding slavery and involuntary servitude
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13th
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CC seperate but equal okay, segregation
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plessy v ferguson
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CC school segregation unconstitutional, violates 14th's equal protection
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brown v board of education
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law making racial discrimination against any group in hotels motels and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination
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civil rights act of 1964
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legal right to vote
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suffrage
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amendment giving blacks a vote
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15th
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taxes on voting to keep blacks out
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poll taxes
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exclusion of blacks from primary elections, now unconstitutional
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white primary
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amendment declaring poll taxes unconst
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24th
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law to end barriers to black voting
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voting rights act of 1965
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CC upheld internment of japanese in WW2
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korematsu v US
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amendment giving women right to vote
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19th
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CC first time claim of gender discrimination upheld
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reed v reed
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CC medium scrutiny for gender claims
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craig v boren
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issue of women receiving less pay than men from similar jobs
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comparable worth
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law requiring reasonable accomodations for people w/ disabilities and prohibiting discrimination againts them in employment
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americans w/ disabilities act of 1990
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policy designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment for member of some previously disadvantaged group
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affirmative action
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CC state universities cant admit less qualified individuals solely based on race
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regents of the University of california v bakke
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CC fed programs classifying people by race, should be presumed unconstitutional
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adarand constructors v pena
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the distribution of the pops beliefs about politics and policy issues
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public opinion
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teh sience of pop changes
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demography
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tool for understanding demographic changes, const req it once every 10 years
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census
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mixing of cultures ideas and people that has changed american nation, us often known as this
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melting pop
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non white majority, predicted 2060 minorities will outnumber whites
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minority majority
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overall set of values widely shared within a society
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political culture
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process of reallocating seats in house after census
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reapportionment
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process that individual gets his political orientations
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political socialization
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a small portion of people chosen in a survey to represent the whole
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sample
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key technique to get accurate survey results so that everyone has an equal chance of being selected
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random sampling
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level of confidence of a survey result. higher # interviewed = lower typically
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sampling error
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technique by pollster which randomly call phone numbers to conduct a survey
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random digit dialing
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public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision
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exit poll
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a coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose, it helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies
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political ideology
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term about womens tendency to support democrats
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gender gap
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a form of political participation to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics
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protest
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a form of political participation where one conciously breaks a law that is believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences
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civil disobedience
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official endorsement of a candidate for office by a party
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nomination
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the plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign
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campaign strategy
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supreme power in each party, convention meets every 4 years to nominate candidates
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national party convention
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a meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention
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caucus
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elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate most delegates to the national party convention are chosen this way
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presidential primaries
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a commission formed in 1968 democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better rep
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mcgovern-fraser commision
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national party leaders who automatically get a delgate slot and the democratic party convention
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superdelegates
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teh recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention
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frontloading
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a proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries which would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year
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national primary
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a proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries which would replace these electoral methods w/ a series of primaries held in each geographic region
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regional primaries
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a parties statement of its goals and policies for the next 4 years
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party platform
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a high tech method of raising money for a cause or candidate. send info and request for money to those people who have supported similar views or candidates in the past
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direct mail
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phenomenon that people pay attention most to what the believe and interpret things according to their own predispositions
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selective perception
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characterazation of elections where they are almost universally accepted as fair and free, high=peaceful shift of power
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legitimacy
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a state level methed of direct legistlation where voters can approve or disapprove proposed legistlation/amendment
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referendum
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a process where voters can propose a change to a const if sufficient petition calling for such referendum is made
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initiative petition
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belief that ones political participation really matters, ones vote can make a diffrence
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political effiacy
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belife that in orderer to support democratic govt, citizens should always vote
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civic duty
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system adopted by states requiring voters to register well in advance of election day (most states)
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voter registration
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passed in 1993 says people can register to vote when they apply for their drivers liscense
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motor voter act
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idea that winning candidate has a mandate from people to carry out his platform he ran on
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mandate theory of elections
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electoral choices made based on votes policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues
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policy voting
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unique american institution that votes for pres, winner take all messes up vote
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electoral college
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theory of voting in which voters ask what have you done for me lately
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retrospective voting
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a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, and heaves with impersonality
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bureaucracy
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