Ap Gov Must Know Court Cases

Front 1

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Back 1

Established judicial review; “midnight judges;” John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Front 2

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Back 2

Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. Institution; John Marshall; “the power to tax Involves the power to destroy.”

Front 3

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Back 3

Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce. The term commerce includes buying and selling but also the navigation necessary to bring about such transactions.

Front 4

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Back 4

Slaves are not citizens and therefore have no legal standing. Declared the Missori Compromise unconstitutional.

Front 5

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Back 5

Established separate but equal.

Front 6

Schenck V. U.S. (1919)

Back 6

Oliver Wendell Holmes; clear and present danger test; S4 “fire” in a crowded theater; limits on speech, esp. in wartime.

Front 7

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Back 7

Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (a them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech protected through due process clause of Amendment 14

Front 8

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

Back 8

Provided test for determining which parts of Bill of Rights should be federalized — those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist.

Front 9

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Back 9

Upheld Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment)

Front 10

Brown v. Board, 1 (1954)

Back 10

School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychological damaging to blacks; overturned separate but equal; use of 14 Amendment; judicial activism of Warren Court; unanimous decision.

Front 11

Brown v. Board, 2 (1955)

Back 11

Ordered schools to desegregate “with all due and deliberate speed.”

Front 12

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Back 12

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court’s judicial activism

Front 13

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Back 13

Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of Amendment One’s establishment clause and the14 Amendments due process clause; Warren Court’s judicial activism.

Front 14

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Back 14

“One man, one vote.” Ordered state legislative districts t as near equal as possible in population; Warren Court’s political judicial activism.

Front 15

Abbington v. Schempp (1963)

Back 15

Prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools by virtue of establishment clause and due process clause. Warren Court’s judicial activism.

Front 16

Gideon v. Wainright (1963)

Back 16

Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights.

Front 17

Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)

Back 17

Ordered House districts to be as near equal in population as possible.

Front 18

Griswald v. Connecticut (1965)

Back 18

Established right of privacy through 4 and 9 Amendments. Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade.

Front 19

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Back 19

Established the Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights.

Front 20

Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)

Back 20

Prohibited states from banning the teaching of evolution.

Front 21

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Back 21

Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: non-secular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with government

Front 22

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Back 22

Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines: no state interference in 1 state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2 state may regulate to protect health of unborn child in 3 Inferred from right of privacy established in Griswald v. Connecticut.

Front 23

U.S. v. Nixon (1974)

Back 23

Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; “Even the President is not above the law;” Watergate.

Front 24

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Back 24

1 Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns.

Front 25

U.C. Regents v. Bakke (1978)

Back 25

Alan Bakke and UC Davis Medical School; strict quotas unconstitutional, but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. Bakke admitted.

Front 26

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1987)

Back 26

More leeway for states in regulating abortion, though no overturning of Roe v. Wade.

Front 27

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

Back 27

States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose “undue burden” upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)

Front 28

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Back 28

No racial gerrymandering: race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.

Front 29

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

Back 29

Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress’ authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Front 30

Clinton v. NY (1998)

Back 30

Banned presidential use of line item veto

Front 31

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Back 31

Use of l4 Amendment equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.

Front 32

Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

Back 32

Banned use of death penalty for mentally retarded.

Front 33

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)

Back 33

Public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious schools in tuition voucher programs.

Front 34

Board v. Pottawatomie (2002)

Back 34

School districts can impose random drug tests on students involved in extracurricular activities.

Front 35

Ashcroft v. ACLU (2002)

Back 35

Struck down a federal ban on “virtual child pornography"

Front 36

Gonzales v. Oregon (2006)

Back 36

Upheld the Death with Dignity Act