Ap Gov Final

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Great compromise/ Connecticut Compromise

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`The final decision of the constitutional convention to creat a 2 house legislature with the lower house elected by the people and with powers divided between the two houses. It also made national law supreme. Viriginia plan and new jersey plan morphed together. one house is called the HOR with 56 representatives. Elected directly by the citizens. The house would have the pwer to originate bills for raising and spending money. The second house is called the Senate. Each state would have an equal vote and representatives are chosen by state legislatures. In dividing power between the national and state govts, national power would be supreme.

Senate got small
house is big

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Party machine

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type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.

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Gerrymandering

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the drawing of congressional districts to produce a particular electorate outcome without regard to the shape of the district.

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pork Barrel politics

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legislation that allows representatives to bring money and jobs to their districts in the form of public work programs, military bases, or other programs.

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political efficacy

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Political efficacy is a term used primarily in political theory and discussion to refer to the amount of faith and impact citizens feel or believe they have upon their government.

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Enumerated powers of congress

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Seventeen specific powers granted to congress under Article 1 section 89 of the constitution. Denied powers to congress under Articles of confederation.

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Marbury vs madison

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case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of judicial review by finding that the congressional statute extending the courts original jursidiction was unconstitutional.

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Frontloading in primaries

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the role of the primaries and causces in the presidential election has been altered by front loading, the tendency of strates to choose an early date on the nomination calendar.

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Qualifications of HOR

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(1) must be at least 25 years of age,(2) must have been a citizen of the United States for at least seven years, and(3) must be an inhabitant of the State from which he or she is elected

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Qualifications of senate

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1. A Senator must be at least 30 years old 2. A Senator must have been a citizen of the United States for at least 9 years
3. A Senator must be an inhabitant of the State from which he or she is elected

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Advantages of incumbency.

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Free postage- franking. People know you
You already ran a successful campaign. Money.
Known name

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types of primaries

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closed primary- a primary electionin which only a party's registered voters are eligible to cast a vote.
open primary- party members, independents and sometimes other party memebers can vote
runoff primary- a second primary e;ection between the 2 candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the 1st primary.

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federalist papers

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james madison protection of political freedom

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Different types of congressional committees

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standing committees-bills are reffered for consideration.
stanndfing committees that inlcude members from both houses of congress and are set up to conduct investigations or special studies/. Major issues.
conference committees special joint committees created to reconcile differencesd in bills passed by senate and HOR . Made up of both houses that orginally considered the bill.

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Supreme court size

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9 of them.

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Presidents roles

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Commander in chief- military
chief executive- in charge of executive branch
chief diplomat- foreing affairs
chief law enforcer
chief legislator-power to veto
chief of the party- party leader
Chief citizen-(common knowledge)

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White house staff responsibilities

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advise the president

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Checks and balances

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the three branches of government do not have more authority over the others.

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War powers act

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lets president commit to war w/o approval ogf congress, needs to let them know in 48 hours, has 60 days and then needs congress approval and if they disapprove they have 30 days to get off of foreign soil.

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Iron triangle

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include administrative agency, interest group, and congressional committee. relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among federal workers in agencies or departments, interest groups, and relavent congressional committees or sub committees.

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Media coverage of elections

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revolved around slips and falls and mess ups.

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ticket splitting

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choosing different candidates every election. not just of one party

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poltical identificationv in family

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you are what your parents are

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media reporting of elections

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focus on slips and falls and mess ups

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voter turnout

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% of people who are allowed to vote and who do vote

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brown vs. board of education

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made segregating schools illegal

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framers of constitution

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create united states of america

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federalism

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ran by national govt and state govt.

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realignment/ dealignment

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Example: someone is a democrat that dealign to an independent and then they realign to a republican.

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political parties

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Organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices. Goal is to WIN ELECTIONS.

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demographic groups

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The study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.

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poltical parties/interest groups

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They are both organizations of individuals sharing some common attitudes and opinions, and they both seek to influence elections, government officials and public policy choices.Interest groups also tend to be much more narrowly focused on a specific area of public policy or social concern than are political parties. Interest groups form around specific concerns like the environment, free speech, tax reform, agricultural subsidies, free trade, school funding and labor standards, to name a few. Meanwhile, political parties tend to bring together some of these groups under one "big tent."Interest groups generally do not explicitly sponsor their own members as candidates for elected public office (though they often do seek to put their own members into appointed public office, particularly where economic regulation is concerned). Interest groups generally do not embrace explicit party labels that voters use as cues to identify their political orientation. However, some groups of voters may associate specific interest groups with particular parties in a more general way. Also, recent years have witnessed an increasing number of ideologically driven and public interest groups (Citizens for Tax Justice, Christian Coalition, Moveon.org, and others), whose orientation is either explicitly spelled out, or otherwise widely known. Narrowly focused private interest groups, in contrast, tend to downplay ideological labels.

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party identification

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a citizens personal affirmity for a political party, usually expressed by a tendency to vote for the candidates of that party.

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likely republican participants

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older white guys (sometimes), rich people, and middle aged white males.

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pork barrell act

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Pork barrel is the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English.[1] In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. Scholars, however, use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations.[2][3]

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citizens unitedvs.FEC

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In a 5-4 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions have the same political speech rights as individuals under the First Amendment. It found no compelling government interest for prohibiting corporations and unions from using their general treasury funds to make election-related independent expenditures. Thus, it struck down a federal law banning this practice and also overruled two of its prior decisions. Additionally, in an 8-1 decision, the Court ruled that the disclaimer and disclosure requirements associated with electioneering communications are constitutional.

The Court's decision in Citizens United likely calls into question laws in 24 states, including Connecticut, prohibiting corporations from making independent expenditures from their general treasury. While the ruling's immediate effect is unclear, experts predict it is only a matter of time before these laws will be challenged in court or repealed by state legislatures. Experts also predict that, since the laws are vulnerable, they will be difficult for state election officials to enforce. In Connecticut, CGS §§ 9-613(a) and 9-614(a) prohibit independent expenditures by businesses and unions, respectively.

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monetary policy

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Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability.[1][2] The official goals usually include relatively stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary economics provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.

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Congressional oversight

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Congressional oversight refers to oversight by the United States Congress on the Executive Branch, including the numerous U.S. federal agencies. Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation.

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senate judiciary committee

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Responsible for civil laws; criminal laws; judicial proceedings; apportionment of elected officials and governing bodies; executors, administrators, wills and divorce and other family matters; all matters relating to the courts, matters of court jurisdiction, and matters relating to judges, including retirement, compensation, expenses, personnel, facilities, etc.; municipal and juvenile courts and justices of the peace; clerks of court, and sheriffs and law enforcement officers; and all other matters not covered by any other standing committee.

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james madison infactions

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No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions", or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Madison argued that a strong, big republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states (((thought they were necessary)))

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presidential conflicts witth congress

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both houses for 100% of their time in office except, of the top six, Washington, and of the remaining twelve, Adams, James Polk, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.
the House for at least 75% of their time in office except Polk, Eisenhower and Reagan.
the Senate for at least 75% of their time in office except Adams, Cleveland and Eisenhower.
won two elections and/or served more than four years except Adams, Polk and John F. Kennedy.
Also, all full-term presidents who controlled both houses are included except Martin Van Buren, Calvin Coolidge and Jimmy Carter.
Many presidents' elections produced what is known as a coattail effect, in which the success of a presidential candidate also leads to electoral success for other members of his or her party. In fact, all newly elected presidents except Zachary Taylor, Richard Nixon and George H. W. Bush were accompanied by control of at least one house of Congress.
Other ways of referring to "control of the Congress", include "majority party in power," "composition of each chamber", "history of the House of Representatives", "composition of Congress", "control of Congress timeline," "control of Congress through the years," "main party in power" and "historical control or power of the Senate."

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NASA

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independent executive agency

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the voting rights act of 1965

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prohibits discrimnation in voting

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grants

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block grants: money given to states and they decide what to do.
Categorical: Money given to states but they have to do a certain thing

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currency

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made by congressss....

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establishment clause

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stating,
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. . . .

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articles of confederation

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an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations. Nevertheless, the weakness of the government created by the Articles became a matter of concern for key nationalists. On March 4, 1789, the Articles were replaced with the U.S. Constitution.[2][3] The new Constitution provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive (the president), courts, and taxing powers.

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PAC

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type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, poltical action committee

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Senate powersvs house powers

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Only the House can originate revenue (tax) bills, only the House can impeach the President. The Senate tries the President, after impeachment. The Senate must confirm all Presidential appointments to cabinet and Supreme Court. Senate also must ratify all treaties with foreign nations. Both House and Senate must approve and agree on bills sent to the President, to be signed into law. Both House and senate can over ride Presidential vetoes.

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presidential vetoes

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regular veto-The President returns the unsigned legislation to the originating house of Congress within a 10 day period usually with a memorandum of disapproval or a “veto message.” Congress can override the President’s decision if it musters the necessary two–thirds vote of each house.

pocket veto-if the congress adjourns during the ten days, the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of congress, the bill is considered vetoed w/o the presidents signature.

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bureaucratic rules and regulations

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The federal bureaucracy makes rules that affect how programs operate, and these rules must be obeyed, just as if they were laws. The rule-making process for government agencies occurs in stages. After Congress passes new regulatory laws, the agency charged with implementing the law proposes a series of rules, which are published in the Federal Register. Interested parties can comment on the rules, either at public hearings or by submitting documents to the agency. After the agency publishes the final regulations, it must wait sixty days before enforcing those rules. During that time, Congress can review and change the rules if it desires. If Congress makes no changes, the rules go into effect at the end of sixty days.

Federal regulations affect many groups of people, who have often challenged those regulations in court. Because litigation is a slow and expensive way to change regulations, Congress passed the Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990 to limit the need for litigation by opening the rulemaking process to those affected by it. The act encouraged federal agencies to engage in negotiated rule-making. If an agency agrees to the proposed regulations, for example, it publishes the proposals in the Federal Register and then participates in a negotiating committee overseen by a third party. Agreements reached by the committee are then open to the normal public review process. Parties to negotiated rule-making agree not to sue over the rules.

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constitutional provisions regarding power of congress

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Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters
The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense, including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces, and to make rules for the military.[4
Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.
One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch

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presidential influence over congress

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The President is the head of his party and has lot of power to reward or punish party members who help or hurt his program. He can campaign for Congressmen. He has a lot of freedom about where federal funds are spent. He nominates federal judges and takes his list from his supporters. He also as the power of the veto or the threat of a veto.

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trustee

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listens to constituents opinions and makes best decision

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delegate

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in favor of constituents opinions

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politico

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in between the two

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congress legislative powers

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POWERS OF CONGRESS
Legislative Powers
Monetary
Tax and borrow
Coin money; regulate its value
Make appropriations
Make uniform laws of bankruptcy
Commerce
Regulate interstate commerce and international trade
Regulate standards of weights and measures
Set up post offices and post roads
Provide for patents and copyrights
War
Declare war
Maintain armed forces
Define and set up penalties for piracy and other felonies on the high seas
Governing
Admit new States and territories
Establish territorial governments
Govern the District of Columbia
Exercise authority over federal property
Other
Set up federal courts
Establish uniform rules of naturalization
Provide for Presidential/Vice Presidential succession