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221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Single-issue groups
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Groups that have a narrow interest.
Dislike compramise New politics |
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2. Linkage institutions
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The political chanels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. ex. Elections, political parties. interest groups, media
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3. policy agenda
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The issues the attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time.
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4. majority rule
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A fundamental priciple of traditional democratic theory. In a democracy, choosing among alternatives requires that the majority desire be respected
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5. Representation
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A basic principle of traditional demcratic theory that describes the relationship betwwen the few leaders and the many followers
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6. Pluralist theory
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A theory of gevernment and plitics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each on pressing for its own preferred policies.
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7. Elite and class theory
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A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper class elite will rule, Regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.
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8. Hyper pluralism
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a theory of gevernment and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened
Extreme |
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9. Policy gridlock
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A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy.
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10. Minority Rights
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A principle of traditional democratic theory that quarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reasoned argument.
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11. Constitution
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A nation's bsic law. It creates political instututions, assigns or divides powers in government and often provides certain guarantees to citizens
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12. Declaration of independence
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The document approved by representatives of the american colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the british monarch and declared their independance
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13. Articles of Confederation
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The first constitution of the united states, adopted by congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. The articles established a national legislature, the continental congress, but authority rested with state legislatures
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14. Factions
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Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that james madison attached in federalist paper no. 10
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15. new Jersey plan
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The proposal at the constitutional convention that called for equal representation of each state in congress regardless of population
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16.Virginia Plan
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The proposal at the constitutional convention tbhat called for representation of each state in congress in proportion to that states share of the us population
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17. Writ of Habeas corpus
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A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.
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18. Separation of powers
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A feature of the constitution that requires each of the three branches of gev to be relatively independent for the others
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19. Checks and balances
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Features of the constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power by balanced among the different governmental institutions.
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20. Republic
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A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws
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21. Federalists
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Federalists Supporters of the us constitution at the time the states were contemplation its adoption.
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22. Anti Federalists
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Opponents of the american constitution at the time when the states were contemplation its adoption
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23. Federalist Papers
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A collection of 85 articles written by alaxander hamition, john jay and james madision under the name Publius to defend the Constitution in detail
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24. Bill of Rights
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The first 10 amendments to the us constitution drafted in reponse to some of the anti federalist concerns.
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25. Equal rights amendment
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A constututional amendment passed by congress in 1972 stating that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by united states or by any state on account of sex.
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26.Judicial Review
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The power of the courts to determine whether acts of congress and by implication the executive are in accord with the constitution
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27.Federalism
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A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people.
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28.Intergovernmental relations
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The workings of the federal sytem the entire set of interations among the national, state, and local governments.
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29.Supremacy clause
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Article VI of the constutution which makes the constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is action within is constitutional limeits
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30.10th Amendment
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The constitutional amendment stating " the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution no prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states ro the people
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31.Enumerated Powers
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Pwers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the constitution
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32.Implied powers
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Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution.
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33.Elastic clause
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The final paragraph of article 1 section 8 of the constutution which authorizes congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers
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34.Gibbons v. Ogden
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A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the supreme court interpreted very broadly the in S1 A8 of the constitution giving congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.
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35.Full faith and Credit
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A clause in Article IV section one of the constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.
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36.Dual Federalism
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A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some polices
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37.Cooperative Federalism
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A system of government in which powers and ; policy assignments are shared between states and the national governments.
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38.Project grants
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Federal Categorical Grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.
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39.Formula Grants
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Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.
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40.Block Grants
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Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services
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41.Civil Liberties
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The legal constitution protections against government.
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42.First amendment
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The costitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties
freedom of press, speech, religion, and of assembly |
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43.Fourteenth Amendment
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The constitutional amendment adopted after the civil war that states," No state shalt make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunity of citizens of the united states
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44.Incorporation doctrine
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The legal concept under which the supreme court has nationalized the bill of rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment.
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45.Establishment Clause
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Part of the First amendment stating that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
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46.Free Exercise Clause
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A first amendment provision that prohibits government form interfering with the practice of religion
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47.Probable cause
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The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested.
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48.Exclusionary rule
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the rule that evidence. no matter how incriminating cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained.
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49.Fifth Amendment
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A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.
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50.Civil Rights
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Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals
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51.Equal protection of the laws
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Part of the 14 amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equal protection
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52.Suffrage
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The right to vote
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53.Voting rights act of 1965
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A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to african american suffrage
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54.Comparable worth
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The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill.
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55.Disabilities act
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A law passsed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination for employment
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56.Affirmative action
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A policy designed to give special attention to aor compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group
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57.Census
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A valuable tool for understanding demographic changes
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58.Reapportionment
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The process of realloctating seats in ten house of representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census
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59.political Socialization
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The process through which a young person acquires political orientations as they grow up.
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60.Random sampling
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The key technique employed by sophisticated surbey researchers, Which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being sleeted for sample
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61.Exit Poll
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Public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision
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62.Gender Gap
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A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likly to support democrats.
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63.civil Disobedience
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A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences
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64.Mass media
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Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet
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65.Media Events
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Events purposely staged for the media that nonetheless look spontaneous.
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66.Investigative journalism
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The use of in depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships whithin political leaders.
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67.Trail Balloons
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An intentional news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction
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68.Sound Bites
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Short video clips of approximately 10 seconds. all that is shown of speeches
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69.Rational choice theory
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A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians.
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70.Party identification
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A citizen's self proclaimed preference for one party or the other
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71.Ticket splitting
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Voting for doth republican and democratic people in elections
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72.Party Machines
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A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes
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73.Patronage
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One of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion or contract is one thas is givein for political reasone
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74.Closed Primaries
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Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registerd in advance with the party can vote.
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75.Open primaries
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Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on election day whether they want to go rep or demo
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76.Blanket primaries
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Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties.
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77.National convention
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The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform
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78.national committee
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one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions.
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79.Critical election
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An aelctoral earthquake where new issues emerge new coalitions replace old ones and the majority party is often displace by the minority party.
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80.party realignment
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The displacement of the majority party by minority party
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81.New deal Coalition
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a coalition forged by the democrats who dominated american politics from the 1930s to the 1960s,
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82.Third parties
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Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American thrid parties ar not unusual but they rarely win elections
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83.Winner take all system
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An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies
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84.Proportional representation
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Anelectoral system used throughout most of europe that awars legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election
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85.Coalition Government
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When two or more parties join together to form a majority in the national legislature
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86.Responsible party model
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A view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work.
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87.Nomination
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The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party
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88.Campaign strategy
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the master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign.
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89.National Party convention
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The supreme power within each of the parties. Meet every four years to nominate the partys pres and vp and write platform
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90.Caucus
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A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention.
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91.Super delegates
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National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the democratic national party convention
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92.Front loading
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The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention
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93.national primary
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A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries, which would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year
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94.Regional primaries
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A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a seies of primaries held in each region.
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95.Party Platform
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A political party statement of its goals and policies for the next four years
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96.Federal election campaign act
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A law passed i 1974 for reforming campaign finances. the act created the federal election commission.
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97.Federal election commission
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A six member bipartisan agency created by the FEC
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98.Presidential election campaign fund
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Money from the federal income tax check off goes into this fund
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99.Matching Funds
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Contrutions of up to $250 are patched from the presidential election campain funt to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions.
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100.Soft Money
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Political contributions earmarked for pary building expenses at the grass roots level or for generic party advertising
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101.PACs
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Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms
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102.Legitimacy
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A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selection political leaders.
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103.Referendum
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A state level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chand to approve or disapprove proposed legislation
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104.Initiative petition
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A process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if a petition is sighned
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105.Civic duty
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The belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote.
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106.Motor voter act
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Passed in 1993 It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their drivers licence.
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107.mandate theory
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The idea that the winning candidate has a madate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics.
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108.electoral college
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A unique american institution created by the Constitution providing for the selection of the president by elector
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109.Retrospective voting
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A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question what have you done for me lately
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110.Interest group
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An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals
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111.Potential group
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All the people who might be interest group members because thy share some common interest.
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112.Actual group
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That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join.
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113.Collective good
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Something of value that cannot be witheld from a group member.
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114.Free rider problem
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The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the groups activities without officially joining
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115.Lobbying
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Communication by someone ohter than a citizen acting on his own behalf directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his decision
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116.Amicua curia briefs
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Legal briefs submitted by a friend of the court to rais additional points of view and presenting information no contained in the briefs of the formal parties
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117.Class action suits
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Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.
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118.Union Shop
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A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period of time and to remain member's as a condition of employment
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119.Right to work laws
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A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs.
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120.Incumbents
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Those already holding office
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121.Casework
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Activities of members of congress cutting throuhg bureaucratic red tape
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122.Pork Barrel
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The might list of dederal projects grants and contracts available to cities businesses collegs and institutions available in a congressional district
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123.Bicameral legislature
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A legislature divided into two houses. not nebraska
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124.House rules committee
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an institution unique to the house of representatives that reviews all bills comming from the house of committe befroe they go to the full house
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125.Filibuster
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A strategy unique to the senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death.
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126.Speaker of the house
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An office mandated by the constitution. the speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers and is second in line to succeed the pres should the office become vacant
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127.Whips
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Pary leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waveres whose votes ar crucial to a bill
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128.Standing Committees
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Separate subject matter committees in each house of congress that handle bills in different policy areas.
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129.Joint Committees
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Congressional committees on a few subject matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.
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130.Conference committees
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Congressional committees formed when the senate and the house pass a particular bill in different forms
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131.Seniority system
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A simple rule for picking committee chairs
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132.Bill
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A proposed law drafted in legal language
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133.22 amendment
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passed in 1951 the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office
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134.Impeachment
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The political equivalent of an indictment in a criminal law
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135.Watergate
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The events and scandal surrounding a dreak in at the democratic national committee headquarters in 1972 and subsequent cover up of white house involvement leading to the resignation of Watergate
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136.25 amendment
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Passed in 1967 this amendment permits the vp to take over if vp and cabinet fine the press disabled
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137.Cabinet
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A group of presidential advisers not mentioned in the constitution although every president has had one. 14 secs
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138.National security Council
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An office created in 1947 to coordinate the presidents foreign and military policy advisers
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139.Council of economic advisers
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A three member body appointed by the pres to advise the president on economic policy
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140.Office of management and budget
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An office that grw out of the bureau of the budget created in 1921 consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled professionals
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141.Veto
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The constitutional power of president to send a bill back to congress with reasons for rejecting it.
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142.Pocket veto
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A veto taking place when congress adjourns within ten days of submitting a bill to the president who simply lets it die by not signing nor vetoing it.
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143.Presidential coattails
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These occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president
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144.War power resolution
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A law passed in 1973 in reaction to american fighting in vietnam and cambodia that requres presidents to consult with congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless congress declares war or grants extension
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145.Deficit
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An exess of federal expenditures over federal revenues
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146.16 amendment
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The constitutionalism amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted congress to levy an income tax.
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147.Federal Debt
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All the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding. Today more than 9 trillion
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148.Tax expenditures
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Revenue losses that result from special exemptions, exclusions, or deductions on federal tax law.
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149.Medicare
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A program added to the social security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly
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150.Incrementalism
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A description of the budget process where the best predictor of this years budget is last years budget plus some.
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151.Uncontrollable expenditures
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Expenditures that are determined not by a fixed amount of money approprated by congress but by how many eligible beneficiaries there are for program or by previous obligations of the gov.
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152.Entitlements
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Policies for which congress has obligated itself to pay x level of benefits to y number of recipients. Social security
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153.House ways and means committee
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The hous of representatives committee that, alone with the senate finance committee writes the tax codes, subject to approval by congress
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154.Congressional budget office
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Advises congress on the probable consequences of its decisions
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155.Budget resolution
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a resolution binding congress to a total expenditure level, supposedly the bottom line of all federal spending for all programs.
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156.Authorization bill
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An act of congress that establishes continues or changes a discretionary government program of an entitlement.
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157.Appropriations bill
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an act of congress that acually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills.
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158.Pendleton Civil service Act
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Passed in 1883 an act created a federal civil service so that firing and promotion would be based on merit.
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159.Civil Service
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a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle.
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160.Merit principle
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The idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill
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161.Hatch act
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A federal law prohibiting government employees form active participation in partisan politics
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162.Independent regulatory commission
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A government agency responsible for some sector of the economy making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest
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163.Government Corporation
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A government organization that like business corporations provides a service that could be provided by the private sector
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164.Independent executive agency
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The government not accounted for by cabinet departments, Independence regulatory commissions, and government corporations.
NASA |
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165.Standard operation procedures
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Better know as SOPs these procedures are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complec organizations.
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166.Administrative discretion
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The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem
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167.Street level bureaucrats
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bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion
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168.Regulation
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The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector
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169.Iron Triangles
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A mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommitties
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170.Original Jurisdiction
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The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually ina trial.
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171.Appellate jurisdiction
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The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts.
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172.Supreme court
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The pinnacle of the american judicial system. The court ensues uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law.
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173.Stare decisis
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let the decision stand
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174.Precedent
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How similar cases have been decided in the past
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175.Original intent
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A view that the constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers.
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176.Judicial activism
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S judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground
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177.Capitalism
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An economic system in which individuals and corporations not the government own the principal means of production and seek profit.
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178.Securities and exchange commission
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The federal agency created during the new deal that regulates the stock market
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179.Collective bargaining
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Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions
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180.Inflation
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The rise in prices for consumer goods
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181.Consumer price index
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The key measure of inflation that relates the rise in prices over time.
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182.Laisses faire
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The principle that government should not meddle in the economy
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183.Monetary policy
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Based on monetarism monetary policy is the manipulation of the supply of money in private hands by which government can control the economy
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184.Federal reserve system
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The main instrument for making monetary policy in the united states
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185.Fiscal Policy
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The policy that describes the impact of the federal budget taxes spending and borrowing on the economy
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186.Keynesian economic theory
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the theory emphasizing that government spending and deficits can help the economy weather ist normal ups and downs.
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187.Supply side economics
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An economic theory advocated by president reagan holding that too much income goes to taxes so that too little money is available for purchasing and the solution is to cut taxes and return purchasing power to the consumer
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188.Antitrust policy
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A policy designed to ensure competition and prevent monopoly.
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189.Food and drug administration
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The federal agency formed in 1913 and assigned the task of approving all food products and drugs sold in the united states.
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190.Entitlement programs
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Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to law regardless of need
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191.means tested programs
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government programs available only to individuals who qualify for them based on specific needs
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192.Antitrust policy
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A policy designed to ensure competition and prevent monopoly.
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193.Food and drug administration
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The federal agency formed in 1913 and assigned the task of approving all food products and drugs sold in the united states.
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194.Entitlement programs
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Government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to law regardless of need
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195.means tested programs
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government programs available only to individuals who qualify for them based on specific needs
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196.Poverty lines
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A method used to count the number of poor people, it considers what a family must spend for and austere standard of living
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197.Progressive tax
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A tax by which the government takes a greater share of income of the rich than of the poor.
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198.Health maintenance organization
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Organization contracted by individuals or insurance companies to provide health care for a yearly fee.
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199.Medicaid
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A public assistance program designed to provide health care for poor Americans
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200.Environmental protection agency
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An agency of the federal government created in 1970 that administers much of us environmental protection policy
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201.Clean Air Act of 1970
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The law aimed at combating air pollution
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202.Endangered species act of 1973
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This law requires the federal gevernment to protect actively each of the hundreds fo species listed as endangered regardless of the economic effect on the surrounding towns or region
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203.Superfund
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A fund created by congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. money comes from taxes on chemical companies
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204.European Union
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A transnational government composed of most european nations that coordinates monetary trade immigration and labor policies making its members one economic unit.
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205.Secretary of state
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The head of the department of state and traditionally a key adviser to the president on foreign policy
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206.Joint Chiefs of staff
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The command officers of the armed services who advise the president on military policy.
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207.Isolationism
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A foreign policy course folloed throughout most of our nations history whereby the united states tried to stay out of other nations conflicts, particularly European wars.
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208.Containment Doctrine
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A foreign policy strategy advocated by george kennan that called for the united states to isolate the soviet union
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209.Detente
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A slow transformation from conflict thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policy making.
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210.Strategic Defense initiative
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Renamed star wars by critics a plan for defense against the soviet union unveiled by president reagan in 1983
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211.Interdependence
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Mutual dependency in which the actions of nations reverberate and affect one another economic lifelines
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212.Tariff
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A special tax added to imported goods to raise the price thereby protecting business and workers from foreign competition
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213.Balance of Trade
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The ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned form the exports.
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214.Line item veto
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The power possessed by 42 state governors to veto only certain parts of a bill while allowing the rest of it to pass into law
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215.Direct democracy
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Government controlled directly by citizens.
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216.Recall
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a procedure that allows voters to call a special election for specific official in an attempt to throw him or her out of office before the end of term
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217.Dillon's Rule
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The idea that local governments have only those powers that are explicitly given them by the states.
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218.Solicitor general
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a law officer who maintains the rights of the state in suits affecting the public interest, next in rank to the attorney general.
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219.Discharge petition
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A discharge petition is a means of bringing a bill out of committee and to the floor for consideration without a report from a Committee and usually without cooperation of the leadership.
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220.Devolution
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Law . the passing of property from one to another, as by hereditary succession.
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221.Grassroots mobilization
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The movement of ordinary people.
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