A&p Finals

Front 1

The CNS is compresed of the...

Back 1

Brain and Spinal cord

Front 2

Between the brain and spinal cord, which one is more complex and responds to stimuli with greater versatilit?

Back 2

The brain

Front 3

What are 2 reasons why the brain is so complex and versatile?

Back 3

1) Number of neurons and neuronal pools.
2) Complexity of interconnetions between neurons and neuronal pools.

Front 4

In the CNS, adapting to environment changes requires what?

Back 4

Multipel processing

Front 5

The multiple processing required by the CNS to adapt to environment changes creates a _____ between stimulus and response

Back 5

Delay

Front 6

_____ allows us to respond immediatly giving the brain time to decided what do do next.

Back 6

Spinal Reflexes

Front 7

Brain size can vary in size but size of brain is the main determinace of intelligence. True or flase. If, flase explain.

Back 7

False, brain size doesn't determine intelligence.

Front 8

An adults brain weights between ___ & ____gm.

Back 8

1450 & 1600

Front 9

What is the volume of an adult brain?

Back 9

2100ml

Front 10

Brain growth is restricted by what?

Back 10

membranous skull

Front 11

The two main flexures do what?

Back 11

bend the brain toward the brain stem.

Front 12

Brain growth constriction also results in _______.

Back 12

convolutions

Front 13

At 5 weeks what 2 areas of a fetus' developing brain are the main 2 flexures?

Back 13

Midbrain & Cervical

Front 14

What are the 4 regions of the brain?

Back 14

1)Cerebrum
2)Diencephalon
3)Brainstem
4)Cerebellum

Front 15

What are the 3 functions of the Cerebrum?

Back 15

1)conscious, intellectual processes
2)Memory storage
3)Movement of skeletal muscles (both conscious & unconsious)

Front 16

What are the 2 areas of the brain in the Diencephalon region?

Back 16

1)Thalamus
2)Hypothalamus

Front 17

What is the relaying and processing center for sensory information?

Back 17

Thalamus

Front 18

What are the 3 funtions of the Hypothalmus?

Back 18

1)controls emotion
2)autonomic funtion
3)hormone production

Front 19

What are the 3 strutures that make up the brain stem?

Back 19

1)mesencephalon
2)pons
3)medulla oblongata

Front 20

What are the 3 funtions of the mesencephalon?

Back 20

1)processing visual and auditory info.
2)generating reflex somatic motor response
3)maintains consiciousness.

Front 21

What are of the brain tells the brain to stay awake?

Back 21

mesencephalon

Front 22

What are the 2 funtions of the Pons?

Back 22

1)Relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalmus
2)subconsious somatic and visceral motor centers.

Front 23

The Pons relays sensory info to what 2 areas of the brain?

Back 23

1)cerebellum
2)thalmus

Front 24

The pons is in controll of the subconsious _____ and ____ motor centers.

Back 24

somatic and visceral

Front 25

What are the 2 funtions of the medulla oblongata?

Back 25

1)Relays sensory info to the thalmus and other parts of the brainstem
2)Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral funtion.

Front 26

What are the 3 areas of Visceral funtion?

Back 26

1)cardiovascular
2)respiratory
3)digestive

Front 27

What are the 2 funtions of th cereellum?

Back 27

1)Coordinats complex somatic motor patters
2)Adjust output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.

Front 28

Ventricles are continuous with...

Back 28

the central cavity of the spinal cord

Front 29

Ventricles are fluid-filled; what is the name of the fluid?

Back 29

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 30

The lining of the ventricals is called ____,because they are lined by ______cells.

Back 30

ependyma, ependymal

Front 31

_____ connect ventricles to the fluid-filled space that surrounds the brain.

Back 31

Apratures

Front 32

What is the name of the fluid filled space that surrounds the brain?

Back 32

subarachnoid space

Front 33

What are the 3 venricles?

Back 33

1)lateral
2)third
3)fourth

Front 34

what are the 2 apertures?

Back 34

1)lateral
2)median

Front 35

The cerebal hemispheres are the superior part of the brain, and it fits loosely in the skull to allow "wiggle room". True or flase, if flase explain?

Back 35

False, fits snuggly in the skull

Front 36

The brain is divided into 5 lobes, what are they?

Back 36

1)Frontal
2)Parietal
3)Temporal
4)Occiptial
5)Isula

Front 37

What is the cortex of the brain made of?

Back 37

gray matter

Front 38

What is a fissure?

Back 38

A deep sulcus

Front 39

The Cerebral cortex is the site of ...

Back 39

conscious thought and intellectual funtion

Front 40

The cerbral cortex accounts for what percent of the brain's total mass?

Back 40

40%

Front 41

How thick is the cerbral cortex?

Back 41

2-4mm

Front 42

The cerebral cortex is comprised of what 3 things?

Back 42

1)neuron cell bodies
2)dendrites
3)unmyelinatd axons

Front 43

What are the 3 regions of the cerebrum?

Back 43

1)Cortex of gray matter
2)white matter
3)basal nuclei

Front 44

A late 1800's anaomists mapped subtle variations in thickness and sturture, and created a structural map with areas that are called ___________.

Back 44

Broadmann's areas

Front 45

The cerebral cortex has 3 funtional areas, what are they?

Back 45

1)Motor area
2)Sensory area
3)association area

Front 46

What is the funtion of the motor area?

Back 46

control voluntary motor funtion.

Front 47

where is the motor area in th brain?

Back 47

posterior part of the frontal lobe

Front 48

What is the funtion of the sensory area?

Back 48

provide conscious awareness of sensaton

Front 49

what 3 areas make up the sensory area?

Back 49

1)parietal lobe
2)temporal lobe
3)occipital lobe

Front 50

What is th funtion of the association area?

Back 50

act to integrate diverse info for purpusful action

Front 51

_________ is term that means that each hemisphere is concerned with the sensory and motor funtions of the opposite side.

Back 51

conralateral

Front 52

The two hemispheres are not exactly equal in funtion, true of false, explain if false?

Back 52

true

Front 53

What 2 things make the hemispheres unequal in funtion?

Back 53

1)laerization
2)specializaion

Front 54

No funtional area works alone, true or false, explain if false?

Back 54

true

Front 55

Does conscious behavior involve the entire cortex?

Back 55

Yes

Front 56

What are the 8 areas of the the brain that are motor areas?

Back 56

1)Primary motor area
2)premotor cortex
3)frontal eye field
4)Broca's area
5)prefrontal cortex
6)wernick's area
7)cinulate gyrus
8)parahippocampel gyrus

Front 57

What are the 5 areas of the brain that are sensory areas?

Back 57

1)Somatic senation area
2)taste area
3)vision area
4)hearing area
5)primary olfactory cortex

Front 58

What 2 parts of the brain make up the somatic sensation area?

Back 58

1)primary somatosensory cortex
2)somatosenory association area

Front 59

What part of the brain makes up the taste area?

Back 59

Gustatory cortex in insula

Front 60

What 2 parts of the brain make up the vision area?

Back 60

1)Primary vision cortex
2)viusual association area

Front 61

What 2 parts of the brain make up the hearing area?

Back 61

1)Audiotory association area
2)Primary audiotory cortex

Front 62

What are the 2 funtions of Multimodal Association areas?

Back 62

1)to direct extremely complex motor activities.
2)to perform complicated analytical funtions

Front 63

What is the sturtural map of the Broadmann's areas called?

Back 63

a motor and sensory homunculi

Front 64

______ is the division of labor between hemispheres?

Back 64

Lateralization

Front 65

Lateralizaition of cortical functioning is needed because each hemispehre has unique abilites not shared by the other, true or false ,exlain if false?

Back 65

True

Front 66

An example of cerebral dominance is normally the left side is "dominate for language", true or false, explain if false?

Back 66

True

Front 67

Communication between hemispheres is perfect and almost instantaneous due to...

Back 67

connecting fiber tracts as well as complete functional integration

Front 68

What is the funtion of white matter?

Back 68

To provide communication between hemispheres

Front 69

What is white matter made of?

Back 69

Mainly myelinated nerve fiber bundled into tracts

Front 70

What are 3 fibers/tracts found in white matter?

Back 70

1)commissures
2)association fibers
3)projecton fibers

Front 71

what are commiussures?

Back 71

A tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the spinal cord or brain

Front 72

Eventhough its funtion is elusive due to overlap with the cerebrum, what are the 3 funtions of the Basal nuclei?

Back 72

1)role in motor control
2)regulate attention and congnition
3)performing several activites at once (multi-tasking)

Front 73

the basal nuclei plays a role in ____ control.

Back 73

motor

Front 74

What are the basal nuclei's 3 roles in motor control?

Back 74

1)starting
2)stopping
3)intensity

Front 75

The Diencephalon plays a vitial role in...

Back 75

Intergrating conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands

Front 76

The Diencephalon consists of what 3 areas of the brain?

Back 76

1)thalamus
2)hypothalmus
3)epithalamus

Front 77

That sturuture of the brain makes up the largest portion of the diencephalon?

Back 77

Thalamus

Front 78

The thalamus has ____ walls of the 3rd ventricle.

Back 78

superolateral

Front 79

The thalamus has many different nuclei that...

Back 79

perform special funtions, receive afferent impulses from all senses ad parts of the body

Front 80

The thalamus has funtional specialty, true or false, explain if false.

Back 80

true

Front 81

the ______is where info is sorted and edited here, then sent on the respective sensory cortex areas.

Back 81

thalamus

Front 82

Essetially all inputs ascending to cerebral cortex run through the ______.

Back 82

thalamus

Front 83

________ is the main visceral control center and essential to overall body homeostasis.

Back 83

hypothalamus

Front 84

What are the 7 homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus?

Back 84

1)autonomic control centers
2)center of emotional response
3)body temp. regulaton
4)food intake regualtion
5)water intake/thirst regulaton
6)sleep-wake cycle regulation
7)control endocrince system funtion

Front 85

The hypothalmus forms _______ walls of the 3rd ventricle.

Back 85

inferolateral

Front 86

What 2 strutures make up the epithalamus?

Back 86

1)pineal gland
2)choroid plexus

Front 87

What are the 2 roles of the pineal gland?

Back 87

1)sleep-wake cycles
2)mood

Front 88

the epithalamus forms the ____ of the 3rd ventricle.

Back 88

roof

Front 89

Where is the brain stem located?

Back 89

between the cerebrum and spinal cord

Front 90

Where is the midbrain located?

Back 90

between the diencephalon and pons

Front 91

What are the 3 components of the Midbrain?

Back 91

1)Cerebral peduncles
2)Cerebral aqueduct
3)Nuclei

Front 92

What is apart of the cerebral peduncles?

Back 92

the pyramidal motor tracts

Front 93

What 3 things make up the nuclei of the midbrain?

Back 93

1)Corpora quadrigemina
2)substantia nigra
3)red nucleus

Front 94

What 2 things make up the corpora quadriemina?

Back 94

1)Superior coliculi
2)Inferior colliculi

Front 95

The pons is mainly composed of...

Back 95

conduction tracts that run in 2 directions

Front 96

What is the sturcture inside the pons?

Back 96

pontine nuclei

Front 97

What are the 3 things that the medulla contains?

Back 97

1)pyramids
2)olives
3)nuclei

Front 98

What are pyramids in the medulla?

Back 98

longitudinal ridges

Front 99

What does decussation of pyramids mean?

Back 99

they criss-cross, in an "X" fashion.

Front 100

What part of the medulla contains the autonomic reflex center?

Back 100

nuclei

Front 101

The cerebellum provides ____ and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contracton,for_____, coordinated movements and_____.

Back 101

timing, smoot,agility

Front 102

The anatomy of the cerebellum is that the cerebellar hemishpheres are connected b a _____.

Back 102

vermis

Front 103

Folia and lobes are part of the cerebellum's anatomy, true of flase?

Back 103

true

Front 104

What 3 sturtures are listed as lobes of the cerebellum?

Back 104

1)anterior
2)posterior
3)flocculonodular

Front 105

In the cerebellum, all fibers entering and leaving are ____.

Back 105

ipsilateral

Front 106

The cerebellum has a role in congitive funtion, true or flase?

Back 106

true

Front 107

The brain is a funtional grouping rather than an antomical one, true or false?

Back 107

true

Front 108

The limbic system has a medial aspect of _____ and ____.

Back 108

cereral hemishperes & dienchephalon

Front 109

The limbic system is also known as the ______ or _______ brain.

Back 109

emotional, affective

Front 110

The limbic system integras and responds to a variety of ________ stimuli.

Back 110

environmental

Front 111

In the limbic system output is relayed though the ______.

Back 111

Hypothalamus

Front 112

If the limbic system has a malfuntion in the output to the hypothalamus it causes ______.

Back 112

Pyschosomatic illness

Front 113

In reticular formation, RAS has what 2 funtions?

Back 113

1)maintain an alert, conscious state.
2)sere as a sensory filter, by processing incoming sensory stiumulation

Front 114

What are the 2 funtions of "motor arm of recticular formation"?

Back 114

1)Contral Skeletal Muscles during course limb movement
2)Regulate viseral motor funtion

Front 115

Nervous tisse is tough and can't be injured by slight pressure, true or false?

Back 115

False, Nervous tissue is delicate and can be injured b slight pressure.

Front 116

To protect delicate neural tissue 4 structures are in place to prevent damage, what are they?

Back 116

1)bone
2)membranes
3)fluid cushion
4)blood-brain barrier

Front 117

What are the 4 funtions of Meninges?

Back 117

1)cover and protect CNS
2)protect blood vessels and enclosevenous sinuses
3)contan CSF
4)Form partitions within the skull

Front 118

What are the 3 CT membranes of the meninges?

Back 118

1)dura mater
2)arachnoid mater
3)pia mater

Front 119

In meninges, the subarachnoid space is between the ______ and _____.

Back 119

arachnoid mater ad pia mater

Front 120

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

Back 120

in and around the brain and spinal cord

Front 121

What are the 3 funtions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 121

1)cushioning
2)support
3)provides nutrient rich environment

Front 122

How does cerbrospinal fluid support the brain?

Back 122

The brain floats in it, which reduces the weight that might otherwise collapse upon itself

Front 123

The arachnoid villi is apart of cerebrospinal fluid, true or false?

Back 123

true

Front 124

The Choroid plexus is apart of the formation of CSF, true or false?

Back 124

true

Front 125

When the choroid plexus hands from the roof of ventricles it forms ___.

Back 125

CSF (cerebrospianial fluid)

Front 126

The Choroid plexus represents a cluster of ...

Back 126

cpillariesenclossed by a layer of ependmal cells, supported b folds of pia mater with tight junctions.

Front 127

How much cerebrospinal fluid does the choroid plexus make in adults, how much per day, and how ofter its the entire volume replace?

Back 127

150ml, 500ml/day, replaced every 8hrs.