Ap Final: Respiratory Sys, Digestive Sys, Nutrients And Metab

Front 1

Tracheal collapse is often seen

Back 1

With inspiratory dyspnea

Front 2

Which of these species is most prone to asthma attacks?

-caprine

-canine

-equine

-feline

Back 2

Feline

Front 3

Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by

Back 3

The autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muscle

Front 4

This cartilage indicated by the yellow line is called the

Back 4

Epiglottis

Front 5

The flow of oxygen from inspired air in the alveolar into the capillary is dependent on the

Back 5

PO2 in the alveoli being higher than the PO2 in the capillary

Front 6

When passing a nasogastric tube in the horse, the tube is directed ventromedially in the nasal cavity to avoid the

Back 6

Nasal turbinates

Front 7

Identify the lung lobe, including right or left

Back 7

Cranial lobe of the right lung

Front 8

The ________ is formed from the epiglottis, the arytenoid, cricoid and thyroid cartilages

Back 8

Larynx

Front 9

The vocal cords are composed of

Back 9

Fibrous connective tissue

Front 10

Phonation in an animal begins in the

Back 10

Larynx

Front 11

The epithelial tissue lining the trachea is ___________ columnar epithelium

Back 11

Pseudostratified

Front 12

In a relaxed state the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with

Back 12

The convex surface facing in a cranial direction

Front 13

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs across

Back 13

Two layers of simple squamous epithelium

Front 14

The unconscious act of breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the

Back 14

Brainstem

Front 15

Which thoracic structure would you find outside of the mediastinum?

-lungs

-lymph nodes

-heart

-trachea

Back 15

Lungs

Front 16

Blood entering lungs from the heart is dark red because of the

Back 16

The high carbon dioxide content

Front 17

The walls of the thoracic cavity and the mediastinum are lined with________ pleura

Back 17

Parietal

Front 18

If an animal breathes in 500 milliliters with each resting breath and takes 15 breaths per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 minute?

Back 18

7.5

Front 19

The acceptable range of pH in most animals is

Back 19

7.35-7.45

Front 20

The respiratory passages cross the digestive tract in the________

Back 20

Pharynx

Front 21

The upper respiratory tract includes all structures

Back 21

Outside the lungs

Front 22

If the CO2 level in blood rises above a present limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate?

Back 22

Increase rate and depth of respiration

Front 23

Identify the lung lobe, including right or left

Back 23

Caudal lobe of the left lung

Front 24

The heart, the trachea, the esophagus, and major blood vessels in the thoracic cavity are all found within the

Back 24

Mediastinum

Front 25

Tracheal rings are composed of

Back 25

Hyaline cartilage

Front 26

The hilus is found

Back 26

On the medial surface of each lung

Front 27

The _____ ______ divides the right and left sides of the nasal cavity

Back 27

Nasal septum

Front 28

Identify the lung lobe

Back 28

The accessory lobe of the right lung

Front 29

The space between each tracheal ring is composed of

Back 29

Smooth muscle and fibrous tissue

Front 30

When the external intercostal muscles contract, they rotate the ribs

Back 30

Upward and forward

Front 31

The nasal meatus is created by the

Back 31

Turbinates

Front 32

The _______ respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

Back 32

Upper

Front 33

Low levels of oxygen can bring on

Back 33

Sighs

Front 34

According to your lab manual, in most domestic species, except the horse, the left lung has __________ lobes

Back 34

Two

Front 35

Each of the lung lobes is lined with visceral _______

Back 35

Pleura

Front 36

In most domestic species, except the horse, the right lung has _______ lobes

Back 36

Four

Front 37

The opening into the larynx is called the

Back 37

Glottis

Front 38

The ciliated epithelium that lines the trachea has a layer of ________ on top of it to trap foreign debris

Back 38

Mucus

Front 39

These cartilages indicated by the yellow line are called the _________ cartilages

Back 39

Arytenoid

Front 40

The tracheal rings are somewhat rigid so they prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation. These rings are made up of

Back 40

Hyaline cartilage

Front 41

Antitussives are best used to treat a

Back 41

Nonproductive cough

Front 42

Identify the lung lobe

Back 42

The middle lobe of the right lung

Front 43

The boundaries of the glottis are formed by the

Back 43

Arytenoid cartilages and vocal cords

Front 44

Identify the lung lobe

Back 44

The cranial lobe of the left lung

Front 45

Sinuses are outpouchings of the

Back 45

Nasal passages

Front 46

The blood vessel that brings blood to the lungs from the heart is the

Back 46

Pulmonary artery

Front 47

The main expiratory muscles are the

Back 47

Internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles

Front 48

The __________ respiratory tract includes the bronchi and the lungs

Back 48

Lower

Front 49

The ______ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Back 49

Diaphragm

Front 50

The trachea splits into two bronchi at the

Back 50

Bifurcation

Front 51

The openings into the nasal cavity are the

Back 51

Nares

Front 52

The major muscles of exhalation are the abdominal muscles and the _____ ________ muscles

Back 52

Internal intercostal

Front 53

Identify the lung lobe

Back 53

Caudal lobe of the right lung

Front 54

The nasopharynx sits ______ to the oropharynx in a standing animal

Back 54

Dorsal

Front 55

The major muscles of inspiration are the diaphragm and the ________ ________ muscles

Back 55

External intercostal

Front 56

The three main condition functions of the nasal passages are

Back 56

Warming, humidifying, and filtering air

Front 57

Identify the lung lobe

Back 57

Cranial lobe of the left lung

Front 58

Another name for the buccal cavity is the

Back 58

Oral cavity

Front 59

Food in a semiliquid state that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum is called

Back 59

Chyme

Front 60

Which one of these animals has the least ability to vomit?

-dog

-horse

-pig

-cat

Back 60

Horse

Front 61

Which motility movement in the small intestine mixes the partially digested food but doesn't move it toward the large intestine?

Back 61

Segmentation

Front 62

Ketosis, or metabolic acidosis, is a result of excessive conversion of ______ to ketones

Back 62

Fatty acids

Front 63

Peptides are made up of

Back 63

Amino acids

Front 64

Which species of animal uses the cecum as a fermentation chamber?

Back 64

Equine

Front 65

Peyer's patches are made up of

Back 65

Lymphoid tissue

Front 66

When the lower jaw moves laterally and rostrally the movement is called

Back 66

Translation

Front 67

An example of an omnivore is a

Back 67

Pig

Front 68

Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of

Back 68

Proteins

Front 69

The two bones that are connected with the TMJ are the

Back 69

Mandible and temporal bones

Front 70

The cheek teeth are the

Back 70

Premolars and molars

Front 71

Which one of the following substances gives urine it's characteristic color?

Back 71

Urobilin

Front 72

The intestines are suspended from the abdominal wall by the

Back 72

Mesentery

Front 73

The 'true' glandular stomach of a ruminant is the

Back 73

Abomasum

Front 74

What is the correct order of the parts of the small intestine, starting with the first part?

Back 74

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 75

Which two gases are produced during the fermentation process in the ruminant stomach?

Back 75

Carbon dioxide and methane

Front 76

The part of the tooth where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth is the

Back 76

Apex

Front 77

Plicae are

Back 77

Mucosal folds in the small intestine

Front 78

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. Identify H

Back 78

Transverse colon

Front 79

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. Identify E

Back 79

Pelvic flexure

Front 80

Which portion of the intestine is filled with barium in this radiograph?

Back 80

Jejunum

Front 81

This organ has both exocrine and endocrine function and is often described as L shaped. It produces several critical enzymes and hormones

Back 81

Pancreas

Front 82

Bile acids are produced in the _______ and stored in the _______

Back 82

Liver; gallbladder

Front 83

B

Back 83

Ascending colon

Front 84

The cardiac is the opening into this organ

Back 84

Stomach

Front 85

B

Back 85

Omasum

Front 86

C _____ of the stomach

Back 86

Body

Front 87

Identify a, b, c, d

Back 87

a 3

b 1

c 3

d 3

Front 88

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the

Back 88

Endocrine pancreas

Front 89

How many canine teeth does a ewe have!

Back 89

0

Front 90

The function of the myenteric plexus is

Back 90

To control movement of food through the GI tract

Front 91

The terminal part of the stomach that opens into the duodenum is the

Back 91

Pylorus

Front 92

Where is albumin produced?

Back 92

Liver

Front 93

Which of the following species does not have a gall bladder?

-canine

-feline

-bovine

-equine

Back 93

Equine

Front 94

In herbivores the process of converting plant material into usable nutrients is accomplished through

Back 94

Fermentation

Front 95

Which chamber of the ruminant stomach has mucosa that resembles a honeycomb?

Back 95

Reticulum

Front 96

Gastrin and cholecystokinin are

Back 96

Hormones

Front 97

The esophageal groove connects the

Back 97

Esophagus to the omasum

Front 98

An example of a hindgut fermenter is a

Back 98

Horse

Front 99

What effect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on digestion?

Back 99

Inhibits digestion

Front 100

The surfaces of the teeth that come together when an animal closes it's mouth are the ______ surfaces

Back 100

Occlusal

Front 101

The largest fermentation chamber of the ruminant stomach is the

Back 101

Reticulorumen

Front 102

The vestibule is

Back 102

The space between the outer surface of the teeth and the surrounding lips and cheeks

Front 103

In the triadan system for documenting teeth, the left mandibular arch contains teeth in the _______ series

Back 103

300

Front 104

Which salivary gland, located ventral to the ear, produces nearly half of the total volume of saliva produced?

Back 104

Parotid

Front 105

Which one of the following animals has a dental pad?

Back 105

Cow

Front 106

What type of tooth grows continually throughout the life of an animal?

Back 106

Aradicular hypsodont teeth

Front 107

Where will gluconeogenesis most likely take place in a ruminant?

Back 107

Liver

Front 108

C

Back 108

Transverse colon

Front 109

B _____ of the stomach

Back 109

Fundus

Front 110

2

Back 110

Pancreas

Front 111

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. I

Back 111

Small colon

Front 112

The papilla seen in the picture are found in the

Back 112

Rumen

Front 113

E

Back 113

Pylorus

Front 114

a b c d

Back 114

a 3

b 1

c 4

d 3

Front 115

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. The turn between F and G is called the

Back 115

Diaphragmatic flexure

Front 116

F

Back 116

Greater omentum

Front 117

The folds of tissue seen in the picture are found in the

Back 117

Omasum

Front 118

Which part of the tooth extends above the gum line?

Back 118

Crown

Front 119

The brush border of the small intestines is made up of

Back 119

Microvilli

Front 120

In ruminants amino acids are absorbed from the intestinal mucosa and transported to the ________ by the bloodstream

Back 120

Liver

Front 121

The part of the stomach that allows the stomach to expand to store food after a large meal is the

Back 121

Fundus

Front 122

The position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea as it travels down the neck is

Back 122

To the left of trachea

Front 123

The surface of the tooth that faces the animals lips is the ______ surface

Back 123

Labial

Front 124

The serosa is the

Back 124

Outer layer of the wall of the GI tract

Front 125

The body of the tongue is made up of mostly

Back 125

Muscle tissue

Front 126

In which part of the large intestine does the most water absorption take place?

Back 126

Colon

Front 127

Where does the pancreatic duct enter the GI tract?

Back 127

Duodenum

Front 128

Muscle contractions in the stomach and intestines of a monogastric animal are regulated by

Back 128

Specialized smooth muscle cells

Front 129

Swallowing happens in three stages. Which stage(s) is/are voluntary and which stage(s) are involuntary?

Back 129

Stage one is voluntary, stages two and three are involuntary

Front 130

Another name for "chewing the cud" is

Back 130

Rumination

Front 131

The cardiac sphincter is located

Back 131

At the caudal end of the esophagus

Front 132

Acute ruminal tympany is also known as

Back 132

Bloat

Front 133

The pattern of muscle contraction that moves through the GI tract is called

Back 133

Peristalsis

Front 134

Another name for chewing is

Back 134

Mastication

Front 135

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are examples of

Back 135

Volatile fatty acids

Front 136

The liver is located just caudal to the

Back 136

Diaphragm

Front 137

The mixing chamber of the stomach is the

Back 137

Corpus

Front 138

The honeycomb surface seen in the picture is found in the _______

Back 138

Reticulum

Front 139

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. C

Back 139

Right ventral colon

Front 140

D

Back 140

Antrum

Front 141

C

Back 141

Reticulum

Front 142

This is a view of the equine GI tract from the dorsal aspect. The turn between C and D is called the

Back 142

Sternal flexure

Front 143

E

Back 143

Cecum

Front 144

D

Back 144

Left ventral colon

Front 145

The gallbladder is found between the ______ lobe and the _______ lobe of the liver

Back 145

Quadrate; medial

Front 146

A

Back 146

Abomasum

Front 147

The molecule with which an enzyme reacts is the

Back 147

Substrate

Front 148

Postparturient ketosis usually appears

Back 148

During lactation

Front 149

The major cellular fuel for the body is

Back 149

ATP

Front 150

Starches are what? What food do they come from?

Back 150

Polysaccharides that come from grains, root vegetables, and legumes

Front 151

In animals that require taurine as an essential nutrient, a deficiency can lead to

Back 151

Retinal degeneration

Front 152

Most enzymes end with the suffix

Back 152

-ase

Front 153

Plant and grain protein digestion in ruminants occurs primarily in the

Back 153

Rumen

Front 154

Which of the following minerals is the most abundant in the body?

Back 154

Calcium

Front 155

Of the six categories of nutrients, which three produce energy when they are consumed?

Back 155

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Front 156

In total, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be formed from each molecule of glucose that enters a cell?

Back 156

38

Front 157

During catabolic metabolism protein is broken down by hydrolysis into

Back 157

Amino acids

Front 158

Taurine is an essential nutrient for which species of animal?

Back 158

Feline

Front 159

During dehydration synthesis a ______ molecule is produced

Back 159

Water

Front 160

Cellulose is what? What food is it found in?

Back 160

Polysaccharide found in most vegetables

Front 161

How many amino acids are there?

Back 161

22

Front 162

The third stage of catabolic metabolism occurs in the

Back 162

Mitochondria

Front 163

The fat-soluble vitamins are

Back 163

A, D, E, K

Front 164

Which system in the body is the most unaffected by starvation?

Back 164

Skeletal

Front 165

A loss of a minimum of _______ of its water would be fatal to an animal

Back 165

15%

Front 166

Examples of macrominerals are

-iodine, iron, sodium

-nickel, phosphorus, selenium

-calcium, magnesium, potassium

-sulfur, copper, chlorine

Back 166

Calcium, magnesium, potassium

Front 167

Examples of microminerals are

-cobalt, calcium, chromium

-manganese, magnesium, mylobdenum

-copper, iodine, iron

-magnesium, zinc, fluorine, sulfur

Back 167

Copper, iodine, iron

Front 168

When an animal starts breaking down body fat to compensate for a caloric deficiency in its diet, _____ are released into the bloodstream

Back 168

Ketones

Front 169

Where in the cell would you find cristae?

Back 169

Mitochondria

Front 170

On average, most mammals are about ____% water

Back 170

70%

Front 171

The second stage of catabolic metabolism occurs in the

Back 171

Cytosol

Front 172

More than _______ amino acids linked together is considered a protein

Back 172

50

Front 173

During catabolic metabolism fats are broken down by hydrolysis into fatty acids and

Back 173

Glycerol

Front 174

During catabolic metabolism carbohydrates are broken down by hydrolysis into

Back 174

Monosaccharides

Front 175

What happens to the enzyme after an enzymatic reaction is complete?

Back 175

Nothing happens

Front 176

Insulin is classified as a ______ protein

Back 176

Regulatory

Front 177

The nitrogen balance in a body is maintained by excretion of nitrogen primarily by the

Back 177

Kidneys

Front 178

The primary function of dietary vitamins is to

Back 178

Activate enzymes

Front 179

Hemoglobin is classified as a ______ protein

Back 179

Transport

Front 180

The first stage of catabolic metabolism occurs in the

Back 180

Stomach

Front 181

Triglycerides are named for their

Back 181

Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Front 182

The most important dietary steroid is

Back 182

Cholesterol

Front 183

Each enzyme has the capability of initiating a maximum of how many types of enzymatic reactions

Back 183

1

Front 184

A catalyst ______ the activation energy of a reaction and ____________ the reaction

Back 184

Lowers; speeds up

Front 185

Examples of trace elements are

-cobalt, fluorine, sulfur

-chlorine, selenium, fluorine

-calcium, potassium, sodium

-iodine, iron, zinc

Back 185

Cobalt, fluorine, sulfur

Front 186

In general, cofactors and coenzymes assist with

Back 186

Enzymatic reactions

Front 187

The second stage of catabolic metabolism occurs in the

Back 187

Cytosol