Ap Final Exam

Front 1

What are the six lobes of the brain?

Back 1

Fontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Insular, Limbic lobe

Front 2

Corpus Callosum

Back 2

Communication concerning sensation and memory among the diverse regions of the 2 hemisphere by means of myelinated fibers

Front 3

Corona Radiata

Back 3

Mass of projection fibers that connect the cortex the distant areas (internal capsule)

Front 4

Association fibers

Back 4

Provide communication between regions of the same hemisphere

Short association - connect within the same lobes

Long association - connect between lobes

Hint 4

Arcuate Fasciculus - permits the superior and middle frontal gyri to communicate with temporal, Parietal, and occipital lobes (individual can't repeat what they hear)

Front 5

GSA

Back 5

Fibers related to receptors for pain, temperature, and mechanical receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints

Hint 5

General Somatic Afferent

Front 6

GVA

Back 6

Fibers related to receptors in visceral structures

Hint 6

General Visceral Afferent

Front 7

GVE

Back 7

Fibers preganglionic autonomic fibers

Hint 7

General Visceral Afferent

Front 8

SSA

Back 8

Sight, hearing, equilibrium

Hint 8

Special Somatic Afferent

Front 9

SVA

Back 9

Smell, taste

Hint 9

Special Visceral Afferent

Front 10

GSE

Back 10

Fibers innervate the skeletal muscle (these are axons of alpha and gamma motor neurons)

Front 11

SVE

Back 11

Fibers innervate striated muscles known as the branchiomeric muscles( the muscles of facial expression, phonation, mastication,band deglutition)

Hint 11

Special Visceral Efferent

Front 12

Soma

Back 12

Cell body

Front 13

Axon

Back 13

Transmits information away from the soma

Front 14

Dendrite

Back 14

Transmitting information toward the soma

Front 15

Neurotransmitters

Back 15

Stimulates receptor sites of the postsynaptic neuron

Hint 15

Causes the neuron to open ion channels which lead to a discharge of that neuron

Front 16

Meningeal Linings

Back 16

Serves as a protective and nutritive function

Front 17

What are the three layers of the meningeal linings?

Back 17

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Front 18

CSF

Back 18

A clear liquid produced within spaces in the brain is called ventricles

Choroid plexus in all ventricles (lateral)

Found inside the subarachnoid space of the meninges which surrounds both the brain and the spinal cord

Hint 18

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 19

Aneurysm

Back 19

Abnormal dilation or ballooning of blood vessels (typically an artery)

Front 20

Astrocytes

Back 20

Structural blood-brain barrier, scarring

Hint 20

A form of neuroglial cell

Front 21

Broca's Area

Back 21

Responsible for motor planning for speech and components of expressive language within the dominant hemisphere

Hint 21

Brodmann areas 44 & 45

Front 22

Broca's Aphasia

Back 22

Loss of fluency and paucity of vocabulary,

Hint 22

Brodmann 44 & 45

Front 23

Neurons

Back 23

Transmit information from one neuron to another, neurons to muscles or sensory receptors to neural structures

Hint 23

Monopolar/Unipolar

Bipolar

Pseudo Bipolar

Multipolar

Front 24

Dura Mater

Back 24

"tough mother"

Closest to the skull

Epidural space

Sinuses

2 layers

Falx cerebral, Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

Hint 24

Meningeal Lining

Front 25

Arachnoid mater

Back 25

Lacy, spider-like

Arachnoid space (CSF)

Connects to sinuses in dura mater known as the Arachnoid villi and arteries

Front 26

Pia mater

Back 26

"soft mater"

Follows contour of brain

Front 27

Circle of willis

Back 27

Arterial portion of cerebrovascular supply that encircles the optic chiasm

Hint 27

Anastomoses Anerior and posterior communicating artery

Front 28

Cerebrovascular accident

Back 28

Causes cessation of blood flow (ischemia) to neural tissue, either through hemorrhaging (rupturing of a blood vessel), thrombosis (closure of a blood vessel by means of a foreign object, such as a blood clot), or embolism (closure of blood vessel by a floating clot)

Front 29

Embolus

Back 29

Floating blood clot or thrombus

Front 30

Thrombus

Back 30

Foreign body, such as a blood clot or bubble of air, that obstructs a blood vessel

Front 31

Dysarthria

Back 31

Speech disorder arising from paralysis, muscular weakness and dyscoordination of speech musculature

Front 32

Terminal end bouton

Back 32

Terminal portion of axon, notable housing synaptic vesicles

Front 33

Myelin

Back 33

Fatty sheath surrounding axons of some nerves

Front 34

Microglia

Back 34

Glial cells responsible for phagocytosis, or scavenging of necrotic tissue in the nervous system

Front 35

Oligodendrocytes

Back 35

Glial cells that are instrumental in production of myelin in the central nervous system

Front 36

Schwann cells

Back 36

Glial cells that are instrumental in production of myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Front 37

Wernicke's area

Back 37

Language center of the posterior and superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

Disturbances of spoken language decoding

Hint 37

Posterior BA 22

Front 38

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 38

Fluent speech with reduced content

Hint 38

Caused by damage to Wernicke's area and the region superior temporal sulcus and middle temporal gyrus inferior to Wernicke's area

Front 39

Glial cells

Back 39

Functions include recycling of neurotransmitters, waste removal, and encapsulation of damaged areas of tissue

Long-term memory function

Front 40

Which cranial nerve mediates sense of pain for teeth?

Back 40

V Trigeminal

Front 41

Which cranial nerve mediates the visual sense?

Back 41

II Optic nerve

Front 42

Which cranial nerve innervates medial rectus, inferior rectus l, inferior oblique and superior rectus?

Back 42

III Oculomotor

Front 43

Which cranial nerve innervates the masseter?

Back 43

V Trigeminal

Front 44

Which cranial nerve innervates one eye muscle, the lateral rectus?

Back 44

VI Abducens

Front 45

Which cranial nerve innervates one eye muscle, superior oblique?

Back 45

IV Trochlear

Front 46

Sensory, sense of smell

Back 46

I Olfactory Nerve

Hint 46

SVA, Damage to this nerve can cause anosmia

Front 47

Sensory, visual sense(not motor movement of eyes)

Back 47

II Optic (Opthalmic) Nerve

Hint 47

SSA, damage cause hymonymous hemianopsia

Front 48

Motor, eye movement & pupil constriction

Back 48

III Oculomotor Nerve

Hint 48

GSE, GVE,

Front 49

Motor, Eye movement

Back 49

IV Trochlear

Hint 49

GSA

Front 50

Sensory & Motor, Mediates thermal sense (cheek), tactile sense, oral Cavity,

Back 50

V Trigeminal Nerve

Hint 50

GSA & SVE

Front 51

Damage of CN V of Opthalmic branch can cause

Back 51

Loss of cornial reflex

Front 52

Damage of CN V of maxillary branch can cause

Back 52

Loss of tactile sensation on the hard plate

Front 53

Damage of CN V of mandibular branch can cause

Back 53

Mandibular weakness, loss of sensation in the lower teeth, loss of thermal sense in sublingual area

Front 54

Motor, eye movement (abducting the eye)

Back 54

VI Abducens

Hint 54

GSE

Front 55

Sensory & Motor; Mediates taste (anterior 2/3)

Back 55

VII Facial Nerve

Hint 55

GVE, SVE, SVA

Front 56

Damage of CN VII can cause

Back 56

Paralysis of facial muscles, loss of taste sense in anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 57

CN that innervates sublingual, submandibular areas

Back 57

VII Facial

Front 58

Sensory, mediates hearing and balance

Back 58

VIII-vestibulocochlear (Auditory Nerve)

Hint 58

SSA & SSE

Front 59

Damage caused to VIII-vestibulocochlear (Auditory Nerve) can cause

Back 59

A balance disturbance and hearing loss

Front 60

Sensory & Motor; Mediates taste in posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Back 60

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

Hint 60

GVE, SVE, GVA, SVA

Front 61

Damage to IX Glossopharyngeal nerve can cause

Back 61

Reduce gag reflex, parotoaid gland function, loss of taste sense in 1/3 of tongue

Front 62

CN that innervates parotoid gland and superior constrictor muscle

Back 62

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 63

Sensory & motor; Mediates cardiac deceleration, taste sense of epiglottis and laryngeal aditus

Back 63

X Vagus

Hint 63

GVE, SVE, GVA, SVA

Front 64

Damage to CN X Vagus recurrent laryngeal can cause

Back 64

Paralysis of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Inability to adduct vocal folds

Front 65

Damage to CN X Vagus Superior laryngeal can cause

Back 65

Paralysis of cricothyroid muscle

Inability to change fundamental frequency (vocal pitch)

Front 66

CN that innervates lateral cricoarytenoi, thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis, cricothyroid, oblique arytenoid, and transverse arytenoid muscles

Back 66

X Vagus

Front 67

Motor, muscles used in head movement

Back 67

XI Accessory

Hint 67

SVE

Front 68

Damage to CN XI Accessory can cause

Back 68

Paralysis of sternocleidomastoid

Front 69

CN that innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezuis muscles

Back 69

CN XI Accessory

Front 70

Motor, muscles of the tongue

Back 70

XII Hypoglossal

Hint 70

GSE

Front 71

Damage to CN XII Hypoglossal can cause

Back 71

Paralysis of the tongue

Front 72

CN that innervates genioglossus and geniohyoid

Transverse, vertical, inferior longitudinal lingual muscles

Back 72

CN XII Hypoglossal

Front 73

Brain

Back 73

20% of oxygen

2% of weight

Front 74

Lateral Sulcus

Back 74

Divides frontal and anterior Parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Hint 74

Sylvian fissure

Front 75

Central Sulcus

Back 75

Separates the frontal and Parietal lobes entirely

Front 76

Sulcus (Sulci)

Back 76

Valleys

Front 77

Gyrus (Gyri)

Back 77

Mountains (convolutions)

Front 78

Precentral Gyrus

Back 78

Pre-motor region - motor planning

Axons from motor strip give rise to the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

Hint 78

Motor strip

Front 79

Postcentral gyrus

Back 79

Sensory counterpart to the motor strip

Hint 79

Parietal lobe - Primary reception for Somatic (body) sense

Front 80

Heschl's gyrus

Back 80

Location of the brain to which all auditory information is projected

Front 81

Temporal lobe

Back 81

Site of auditory reception and receptive language processing

Front 82

Occipital lobe

Back 82

Recieves visual stimulation -- higher level visual processing

Front 83

4 branches of the Vagus Nerve

Back 83

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Pharyngeal branch

Superior Laryngeal nerve (Internal - GVA | External SVE)

Front 84

Three divisions Trigeminal Nerve (5)

Back 84

Opthalmic sensory

Maxillary sensory

Mandibular Motor

Front 85

Branches of Facial (7) nerves

Back 85

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

Front 86

Somatic

Back 86

Voluntary control

Front 87

Visceral

Back 87

Involuntary control for smooth muscels

Front 88

General

Back 88

Carries out in spinal or cranial nerves

Front 89

Special

Back 89

Only found in cranial nerves

Front 90

Level of midbrain

Back 90

CN I - IV

Front 91

Level of pons

Back 91

CN V - VIII

Front 92

Medulla Level

Back 92

CN IX - VII

Front 93

Brodmann area 42

Back 93

A higher-order processing region for auditory processing

Front 94

Thalamus

Back 94

Common relay for sensory information toward the cerebral cortex

All sensations (except olfaction)

only pain sense is consciously perceived at the thalamus but it cannot be localized without the cortical function

Hint 94

Reticular activating system - responsible for arousing the cortex, focusing cortical regions for heightened awareness

Front 95

Hypothalamus

Back 95

Provides the organizational structure for the Limbic system

Regulates reproductive behavior, desired perception of need of food and water, metabolic functions