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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________
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neuron.
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What are the supporting cells of the nervous system called?
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neuroglia
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What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?
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central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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What are the functions of the CNS?
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integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands
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What are the functions of the PNS?
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carries sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
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What are nerves?
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bundles of axons (nerve fibers) in the PNS; carries sensory information and motor commands
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What is involved in the cytoskeleton of a neuron?
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neurofilaments, neurotubules, neurofibrils
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What is a neurotransmitter and where is it released from?
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chemical messengers released by the presynaptic cell affect the postsynaptic cell (communication); packaged in synaptic vesicles
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What are the 4 structural classifications of neurons?
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anaxonic neuron
bipolar neuron Unipolar neuron Multipolar neuron |
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Which are small and you cannot tell the axon from the dendrites?
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anaxonic neuron
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Which has one dendrite, one axon, and a cell body inbetween?
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bipolar neuron
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Which has an axon and dendrite that are fused and the cell body lies off to one side?
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Unipolar neuron
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Which has two or more dendrites and a single axon?
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Multipolar neuron
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What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?
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sensory neurons
motor neurons – efferent neurons interneurons – association neurons |
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Where do sensory neurons deliver information?
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from sensory receptors to the CNS
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Where do motor neurons carry information?
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from CNS to peripheral effectors
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What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?
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ependymal cells
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia |
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Which is star shaped?
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Astrocytes
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What produces the myelin sheath in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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Which type of neruoglial cell engulfs cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens?
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Microglia
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What are the two neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system?
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satellite cells – amphicytes
Schwann cells – neurilemmal cells |
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What is depolarization?
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any shift from the resting potential – changes in potential from -70mV to smaller negative values
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What is repolarization?
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restoring normal resting potential after depolarization
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What is hyperplatization?
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an increase in the negativity of the resting potential form -70mV to -80mV or more
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What is the all or none principle in relation to the neuron?
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a stimulus either produces a typical action potential or does not produce one at all.
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What is the threshold?
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between –60mV and –55mV
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*Describe the steps of a nerve impulse starting from depolarization of the initial segment to exciting the next neuron.
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a. depolarization to threshold
b. the activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization i. at the threshold, the sodium gates open and the cell membrane becomes more permeable to sodium, sodium ions rush in and rapid depolarization occurs. The inner membrane surface now contains more positive ions that negative ones so transmembrane potential has changed from -60mV to more positive c. The inactivation of sodium channels and the activation of potassium channels i. as the transmembrane potential approaches +30mV, the sodium gates begin to close (sodium channel inactivation) ii. voltage regulated potassium gates are opening and potassium moves out iii. the loss of positive charges shifts the transmembrane potential back toward resting levels and repolarization begins d. The return to normal permeability |
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What does a cholinergic synapse release?
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release ACh
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Describe the events at a cholinergic synapse.
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a. an action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic knob (normal stimulus for neurotransmitter release is depolarization of synaptic knob)
b. Extracellular calcium ions enter the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of ACh (depolarization of synaptic knob opens voltage regulated Ca gates) c. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (primary response is increased permeability to Na) Depolarization is graded, if brought to threshold, an action potential will appear in the postsynaptic neuron d. ACh is removed by AChE – effects on the postsynaptic membrane are temporary |
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What are neuromodulators and what can they do?
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released at the synapse with the main neurotransmitter, can alter rate of neurotransmitter release or change postsynaptic cell response
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What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation?
What is facilitation? |
a. temporal summation – addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession
b. spatial summation – involves multiple synapses that are active simultaneously |
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What two parts does the skeletal system consist of?
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axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
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How many bones does the axial skeleton contain? What percentage?
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80 bones, contains about 40% of the bones in the human body
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to create a framework that supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities
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function of the axial skeleton
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How many bones are contained in the appendicular skeleton?
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126 bones, contains about 60% of the bones in the human body
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protect the brain and guard the openings to the digestive and respiratory systems.
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function of the bones of the skull
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What are the air filled chambers?
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Sinuses
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What are the immoveable joints of the skull?
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Sutures
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Formation of the skull involves many different ___________
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ossification centers
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fibrous areas between the cranial bones; quite flexible; they allow the skull to be distorted without damage
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fontanels
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What are the components of the vertebral column?
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vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
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5 divisions of the vertebral column
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Which part of the vertebrae transfers the weight along the axis of the vertebral column?
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body (centrum)
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What is the result of the failure of vertebral laminae to unite during development and the membranes bulge outward?
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spina bifida
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smallest of the vertebrae
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Cervical vertebrae
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under the greatest strain
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Lumbar vertebrae
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largest of the vertebrae
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Lumbar vertebrae
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distinctive heart-shaped bodies
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Thoracic vertebrae
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long slender spinous process
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Thoracic vertebrae
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oval shaped bodies
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Lumbar vertebrae
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notched spinous process
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Cervical vertebrae
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Five fused sacral vertebrae make up the ______
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Sacrum
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Which ribs are true and why are they called this?
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Ribs 1-7 are true – they connect to the sternum
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Which ribs are false and why are they called this?
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Ribs 8-10 are called false ribs – they do not connect directly to the sternum
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Which ribs are floating and why are they called this?
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Ribs 11-12 are floating (vertebral) ribs – they do not connect to the sternum
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What respiratory activity are the ribs involved in?
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breathing
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When doing CPR, if you put your hands in the wrong place you could break the what?
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ribs or the xiphoid process
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bones of the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect the limbs to the trunk
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appendicular skeleton
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What two bones does the pectoral girdle consist of?
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scapulae and clavicles
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What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
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two ossa coxae
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Which bones are more massive, those of the pelvic or pectoral girdles?
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Pelvic girdle
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Why is the female pelvis different in shape than the male pelvis?
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adaptations for childbearing
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What loosens the pubic symphysis during pregnancy and allows movement of hip bones?
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relaxin
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larger sinus
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male
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larger craniums
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male
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coccyx points inferiorly
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female
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smaller teeth
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female
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The study of joints is _______________.
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Arthrology
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What are the four structural classifications of joints?
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bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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Which lacks a joint cavity and two separate bones are fused?
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bony
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Which lacks a joint cavity but has a fibrous connective tissue connecting the articulating bones?
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fibrous
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Which lacks a joint cavity but cartilage binds the articulating bones?
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cartilaginous
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Which has a joint cavity?
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synovial
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What are the 3 functional classification of joints
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synarthroses, amphiathroses, diathroses
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An immoveable joint is ____________
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synarthroses
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A slightly moveable joint is _____________
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amphiathroses
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A freely moveable joint is _______
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diathroses
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The immoveable joint between the bones of the skull, bound together by dense connective tissue is _______
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suture
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The greater the range of motion at a joint, the ____________ it becomes.
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weaker
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· collagen fibers, and ligaments
· shapes of articulating surface · other bones, skeletal muscles, or fat pads · tension |
factors are responsible for limiting the range of motion, stabilize the joint, and reduce the chance of injury
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What movement reduces the angle between the articulating elements?
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Flexion
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What movement increases the angle between the articulating elements?
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Extension
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What movement extends past the anatomical position?
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Hyperextension
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Movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body is _________
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Abduction
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Movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body is __________
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Adduction
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Moving your arm in a loop is _________
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Circumduction
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When a structure moves in a superior direction, the movement is ________
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Elevation
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When a structure moves in an inferior direction, the movement is _____________
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Depression
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What is the condition when the nucleus pulposus protrudes into the vertebral canal?
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Herniated disc
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glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus.
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shoulder joint
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What articulation permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?
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shoulder
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What is the name of various muscles that are the main mechanism for supporting the shoulder joint and limiting the range of movement?
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rotator cuff
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What type of movement does the elbow joint permit?
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flexion, extension
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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cardiac, smooth, skeletal
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What does skeletal muscle tissue move?
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the body
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What does cardiac muscle tissue move?
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blood through the body
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fluids and objects through the digestive system and several other functions
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smooth muscle tissue move
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1. producing skeletal movement by pulling on the bones of the skeleton
2. maintain posture and body position 3. supporting soft tissues 4. guarding entrances and exits 5. maintaining body temperature – muscles use energy and generate heat 6. store nutrient reserves |
functions of skeletal muscle tissue.
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The smallest functional units of muscle are _______
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sarcomeres
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Muscle contraction comes from interactions of _____________
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thick and thin filaments
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**********DESCRIBE THE STEPS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION FROM NEURAL STIMULATION TO MYOSIN REACTIVATION & RELAXATION.
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emailed answer
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length of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh and limits the duration of stimulation. |
determine the duration of contraction
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1. Ca2+ ions detach from troponin
2. troponin returns to its original position 3. active sites covered by tropomyosin |
when Ca ion concentrations in the sarcoplasm fall
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The amount of tension produced by an individual muscle fiber ultimately depends on what?
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number of pivoting cross bridges
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What is the all or none principle?
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muscle fiber is either “on” – producing tension or “off” – relaxed
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What 3 things elongate the muscle fiber after the contraction is over?
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hmmmmm
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A resting muscle fiber uses ___________ for aerobic metabolism.
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fatty acids
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A contracting muscle fiber uses _______ for aerobic metabolism.
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pyruvic acid
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What is the primary source of ATP product during peak periods of activity?
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Glycolysis
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demand for ATP is low
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resting
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demands for ATP is massive
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peak
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aerobic metabolism provides surplus of ATP
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resting
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metabolism can provide most of the necessary ATP to support muscle contractions
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moderate
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glycolysis contribution is minor
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moderate
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the cell relies heavily on the anerobic process of glycolysis to generate ATP
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peak
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Muscles that consist of mainly slow fibers are ______________
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red muscles
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What type of muscle tissue has no sarcomeres?
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smooth muscle tissue
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What type of metabolism does cardiac muscle depend on?
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aerobic metabolism
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the cell membranes of two adjacent cardiac muscles cells are intertwined and bound together by gap junctions and desmosomes
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importance of intercalated discs
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help stabilize positions
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importance of intercalated discs
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gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to move from one cell to another – direct electrical connection
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importance of intercalated discs
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What is the trigger for smooth muscle contraction?
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Ca ions moving into cytoplasm
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What does calcium interact with in smooth muscle contraction?
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calmodulin
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ability to contract over a wide range of lengths
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plasticity of smooth muscle
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What is the arrangement of thin and thick filaments in smooth muscle?
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scattered
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