A&p Final

Front 1

In the body, inorganic compounds

Back 1

buffer

Front 2

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

Back 2

water

Front 3

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver andmuscle cells to store glucose is

Back 3

glycogen

Front 4

Lipids

Back 4

All of the above

Front 5

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalentbonds is said to be

Back 5

polyunsaturated

Front 6

Which of the following statements concerningenzymes is false

Back 6

enzymes are consumed during a reaction

Front 7

In an aqueous solution, cations are attractedtoward

Back 7

anions

Front 8

In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would movetoward

Back 8

a negative terminal

Front 9

If a pair of electrons is unequally sharedbetween two atoms, an

Back 9

polar covalent

Front 10

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons,they form

Back 10

covalent bonds

Front 11

Radioactive atoms have unstable

Back 11

nuclei

Front 12

Ionic bonds are formed when

Back 12

an electron or electrons are completelytransferred from one atom to another

Front 13

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of

Back 13

hydrophobic compounds

Front 14

The membrane covering the stomach and most ofthe intestines is called the

Back 14

peritoneum

Front 15

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiatesphysiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of

Back 15

negative feedback

Front 16

The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the________ system

Back 16

endocrine system

Front 17

Whichorgan system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, andblood formation

Back 17

skeletal

Front 18

Cardiovascular physiology is an example of

Back 18

systematic physiology

Front 19

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from themost COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST

Back 19

organism,system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Front 20

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrinesystem

Back 20

produces amore rapid response than the nervous system

Front 21

The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the

Back 21

thoracic and abdinopelvic

Front 22

Carbohydrate molecules

Back 22

form glycocalyx outside the cell

Front 23

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

Back 23

nucleic acids

Front 24

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

Back 24

atp

Front 25

Which of the following is not a function ofmembrane proteins

Back 25

storage of cellular nutrients

Front 26

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains

Back 26

higher concentration of potassium ionsm

Front 27

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it wouldnot be able to

Back 27

form mitotic spindle

Front 28

If the concentration of sodium chloride in theinterstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of othersolutes remains constant

Back 28

the cells would swell

Front 29

The skin swells and puckers during a long bath.This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ fluid

Back 29

hypotonic

Front 30

If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of thefollowing would initially occur

Back 30

The bloodosmotic pressure would increase

Front 31

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others haverelatively few or none. This suggests that

Back 31

cells with largenumbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand

Front 32

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through

Back 32

channels formedby integral proteins

Front 33

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm ofa cell is called

Back 33

hypotonic

Front 34

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNAis called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a proteinis called ________

Back 34

replication,transcription, translation,

Front 35

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against itsconcentration gradient is called

Back 35

active transport

Front 36

All of the following membrane transportmechanisms are passive processes, except

Back 36

vesicular transport

Front 37

A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase

Back 37

S phase

Front 38

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has

Back 38

the same numberof chromosomes as the original cell

Front 39

The genetically programmed death of cells is called

Back 39

apoptosis

Front 40

The correct order of phases in cell division is

Back 40

IPMAT

Front 41

Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to

Back 41

supply each newcell with a full set of the genetic material

Front 42

Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA

Back 42

uracil

Front 43

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system,except

Back 43

synthesis of vitamin D

Front 44

The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis

Back 44

keratinocytes

Front 45

Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layercalled the

Back 45

stratum corneum

Front 46

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that penetrated through theskin is termed ________ perspiration

Back 46

insensible

Front 47

Tough superficial layer of the epidermis

Back 47

stratum corneum

Front 48

Large quantities of keratin are found in theepidermal layer called the

Back 48

stratum corneum

Front 49

The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew theepidermis

Back 49

stratum germinativum

Front 50

The protein that reduces water loss

Back 50

keratin

Front 51

Theskin contains ___ layers of keratinocytes and thick skin contains

Back 51

4;5

Front 52

Albino individual lacks the ability to produce

Back 52

melanin

Front 53

The layer of skin that provides a barrier against bacteria aswell as chemical and mechanical injuries is

Back 53

epidermis

Front 54

_____ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immunesystem

Back 54

dendritic cells

Front 55

____sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, __ glands arelocated wherever hair follicles exist, and ____ sweat glands are found only ina few areas

Back 55

Merocrine, sebaceous, apocrine

Front 56

Primary pigments contained in the epidermis

Back 56

carotene and melanin

Front 57

Wrinkles in elderly individuals result in loss of elasticfilaments

Back 57

reticular

Front 58

All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer,except it

Back 58

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane

Front 59

Layer of skin that cause ridge patterns on the surface

Back 59

germanative basale

Front 60

A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage

Back 60

closes and heals with relatively little scarring

Front 61

Which part of hair has live cells

Back 61

follicle

Front 62

In a penetrating wound, ____ divide to produce mobile cellsthat repair the dermis while ____ clean the area

Back 62

fibroblasts; microphages

Front 63

Nail production occurs at the nail

Back 63

root

Front 64

The cuticle around a nail is the

Back 64

eponychium

Front 65

The stratum corneum just under the free-edge of a nail

Back 65

hyponychium

Front 66

During repair of integument fibroblasts follow areas of newcapillary growth and produce ___ tissue

Back 66

granulation

Front 67

Which is not part of the skeletal system

Back 67

tendons

Front 68

Bones that develop within tendons are called ____________ bones

Back 68

sesamoid

Front 69

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are

Back 69

sutural

Front 70

A hole through a bone is termed a

Back 70

foramen

Front 71

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

Back 71

condyle

Front 72

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

Back 72

fossa, facet

Front 73

Bone is composed of ____ percent cells

Back 73

2

Front 74

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrixare called

Back 74

oseteoblasts

Front 75

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect thephysical properties

Back 75

the bone would be more flexible

Front 76

The ____ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhatflexible, and highly resistant to shattering

Back 76

protein-crystal

Front 77

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

Back 77

osteons

Front 78

Fat is stored within the

Back 78

medullary cavity

Front 79

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty,epiphyseal plates

Back 79

become narrower

Front 80

During appositional growth

Back 80

bones grow wider

Front 81

Bone tissue formation begins with osteoblasts secrete

Back 81

collagenfibers

Front 82

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones willbecome

Back 82

osteopenic

Front 83

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, exceptthat it

Back 83

is released in large amounts early in life

Front 84

Outer layer of bone

Back 84

periosteum

Front 85

Elevatedlevels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

Back 85

calcitonin

Front 86

Endochondral ossification begins with formation of

Back 86

hyaline cartilage model

Front 87

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of_____ cells

Back 87

mesenchymal

Front 88

Which is a recognized function of skeletal muscle

Back 88

all of them

Front 89

Put the following structures in order from superficial to deep

Back 89

Epimysium, perimysium, …. Muscle fiber, myofibril

Front 90

Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere

Back 90

Repeating unit of striated myofibrils

Front 91

In a sarcomere, thick filaments are linked by proteins of the

Back 91

M line

Front 92

The region of the sarcomere that always contains thinfilaments is the

Back 92

I band

Front 93

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called

Back 93

myoblasts

Front 94

Whichstatement about the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers is

Back 94

all of above

Front 95

A patient takes a medication that blocks Ach receptors ofskeletal muscle fibers. What is this drug’s effect on skeletal musclecontraction

Back 95

reduces the muscles ability for contraction

Front 96

Therapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action

Back 96

a twitch

Front 97

Interactionsbetween actin and myosin filaments are responsible for

Back 97

muscle contraction

Front 98

Themost important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calciumion after contraction is

Back 98

active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 99

Active sites on the actin become available for binding after

Back 99

calcium binds to troponin

Front 100

Thetype of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called

Back 100

isometric

Front 101

Decreasedblood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except

Back 101

an increase in intracellular glycogen

Front 102

If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase hasended, a second more powerful contraction occurs. This is called

Back 102

wave summation

Front 103

Asingle motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called

Back 103

motor unit

Front 104

A muscle producing tension that peaks and falls atintermediate stimulus rates

Back 104

incomplete tentanus

Front 105

Creatine phosphate

Back 105

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue

Front 106

In an isotonic contraction

Back 106

Muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle liftsthe load

Front 107

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

Back 107

aerobic metabolism of fatty acids

Front 108

How would an elevated level of thyroid hormone in the bodyaffect skeletal muscles

Back 108

It would stimulate energy use and heat production

Front 109

Becauseskeletal muscle contractions demand large quantities of ATP, skeletal muscle

Back 109

have many mitochondria and a rich blood supply

Front 110

Which is not true about smooth muscles

Back 110

connective tissue forms tendons and aponeuroses

Front 111

Whichof the following is not a function of smooth muscle tissue

Back 111

forcing the blood from the heart into major arteries

Front 112

The ________ nervous systemcontrols the skeletal muscles

Back 112

somatic

Front 113

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. Thisobservation explains

Back 113

why CNS neurons cannot divide to regeneratedamaged tissue

Front 114

Many medications introduced into the bloodstreamcannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

Back 114

endotheliumof CNH capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier

Front 115

The myelin sheath that covers many

Back 115

oligodentrocytes

Front 116

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brainbarrier

Back 116

astrocytes

Front 117

The membranes of neurons at rest are verypermeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____

Back 117

k, na

Front 118

During repolarization of a neuron

Back 118

potassiumions move out of the cell

Front 119

The velocity of the action potential is fastestin which of the following axons

Back 119

a small myelinated axon

Front 120

Why does the action potential only move awayfrom the cell body

Back 120

the areas that have had the action

Front 121

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored invesicles located in the

Back 121

presynaptic neuron

Front 122

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________channels on the __________ membrane

Back 122

chemically gated; postsynaptic

Front 123

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by openingwhich of the following channels

Back 123

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Front 124

When cholinergic receptors are stimulated

Back 124

sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron

Front 125

T tubules and the terminal cisternae are clustered into structurescalled

Back 125

triads

Front 126

A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge

Back 126

actin

Front 127

What energizes the power stroke

Back 127

hydrolosis of ATP

Front 128

What is the typical duration of a nerve action potential

Back 128

2ms

Front 129

Around what transmembrane potential does threshold commonly occur

Back 129

-60mV

Front 130

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of the neuron during anaction potential

Back 130

Na+ (sodium)

Front 131

The following are the main steps in the generation of an actionpotential.1. Sodium channels are inactivated2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium movesout of the cell, initiating repolarization3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitablemembrane to threshold5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs6. Sodium channel activation occurs7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs

Back 131

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

Front 132

Which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speedof impulse propagation

Back 132

Type A

Front 133

During repolarization of a neuron

Back 133

Potassium ions move out of the cell

Front 134

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergicsynapse.1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynapticmembrane are activated2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal atthe presynaptic membrane5. The synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles byexocytosis7. Acetylcholine binds to receptor on the postsynapticmembrane8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of thesynaptic terminalThe correct sequence for these events is

Back 134

4,2,6,7,1,8,3,5

Front 135

In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be thegreatest

Back 135

Amyelinated fiber of 10-um diameter

Front 136

A graded potential

Back 136

mayinvolve either depolarization or hyperpolarization

Front 137

Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators

Back 137

endorphins

Front 138

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapsesat multiple places on the neuron is designated

Back 138

spatial

Front 139

Spinal nerves are

Back 139

both sensory and motor

Front 140

The layer of the meninges in direct contact withthe spinal cord is the

Back 140

pia mater

Front 141

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

Back 141

axons of sensory neurons

Front 142

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

Back 142

spinal nerve

Front 143

The white matter of the spinal cord if mainly

Back 143

myelinated axons

Front 144

In the spinal cord, white matter into ascendingand descending tracts are

Back 144

columns

Front 145

The outermost connective-tissue covering of the nerves is the

Back 145

epineurium

Front 146

The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm

Back 146

cervical

Front 147

The flexor reflex

Back 147

move limb away from a painful stimulus

Front 148

The all-or-none principle states that

Back 148

allstimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identicalaction potentials

Front 149

The portion of the brain overseeing the postural muscles of the body andmaking rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions ofthe

Back 149

cerebellum

Front 150

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

Back 150

increased consciousness

Front 151

_______ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS

Back 151

interneurons

Front 152

The corpus callosum is composed of

Back 152

commissural fibers

Front 153

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the

Back 153

parietal

Front 154

The _____ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories

Back 154

hippocampus

Front 155

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

Back 155

axons of motor neurons

Front 156

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence ofevents or actions is the

Back 156

prefrontal cerebral cortex

Front 157

The basal nuclei

Back 157

providethe general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking

Front 158

Warning signs of a heart attack include left arm pain, which is an example of

Back 158

referred pain

Front 159

Based upon the sensory homunculus, which of the following body parts has the fewest sensory nerves?

Back 159

the back

Front 160

The size of the area of the motor cortex that controls a part of the body is proportional to the

Back 160

number of muscles controlling that body part

Front 161

Receptors that monitor the position of joints are called

Back 161

proprioceptors

Front 162

Marissa was in an accident that caused damage to her occipital lobe. Because she can see her partner of 5 years but not recognize her we can suggest the damage occurred to her

Back 162

visual association area only

Front 163

In order for a sensation to become a perception

Back 163

it must received by somatosensory cortex

Front 164

Which of the following can contribute to receptor specificity

Back 164

all the answers are correct

Front 165

If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________, because it is not a special sense

Back 165

cold

Front 166

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

Back 166

lateral spinothalamic

Front 167

Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle

Back 167

require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain

Front 168

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

Back 168

voluntary motor activity

Front 169

Which neuron delivers sensations to the CNS

Back 169

first-order neuron

Front 170

________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure

Back 170

baroreceptors

Front 171

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

Back 171

ganglionic neurons

Front 172

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)

Back 172

digestion

Front 173

Postganglionic axons usually are

Back 173

unmyelinated

Front 174

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

Back 174

the "fight or flight" response

Front 175

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion

Back 175

celiac ganglion

Front 176

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

Back 176

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Front 177

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation

Back 177

hippocampus

Front 178

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following, except

Back 178

decreased release of neurotransmitters

Front 179

The conscious state is maintained by the

Back 179

reticular activating system

Front 180

In deep sleep

Back 180

the EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave."

Front 181

The optic disc is a blind spot because

Back 181

there are no photoreceptors in that area

Front 182

The area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of our sharpest vision is the

Back 182

fovea

Front 183

The auditory ossicles connect the

Back 183

tympanic membrane to the oval window

Front 184

The vitreous body

Back 184

helps to stabilize the eye and gives physical support to the retina

Front 185

Gustatory receptors are located

Back 185

on the surface of the tongue

Front 186

The function and arrangement of the gustatory receptor is similar to

Back 186

olfactory receptors

Front 187

The function of the auditory tube is to

Back 187

equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Front 188

The eye color is found on the

Back 188

iris

Front 189

The ____________ funnels sound waves to the ___________ ear which contains the auditory ossicles.

Back 189

external, middle

Front 190

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

Back 190

getting thicker and thinner

Front 191

Which of the following, if any, is not one of the primary taste sensations

Back 191

peppery

Front 192

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed by the

Back 192

vestibule

Front 193

What structure changes the shape of the lens for near and far vision

Back 193

ciliary body

Front 194

Although most neural tissue cannot regenerate lost cells, some neurons of the special senses retain the ability to divide. Which do

Back 194

olfaction

Front 195

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor

Back 195

excessive production may lead to glaucoma

Front 196

The region of the ear that contain the receptors for rotational or dynamic equilibrium are called

Back 196

semicircular canals

Front 197

All of the following are true about lacrimal glands except

Back 197

they produce aqueous fluid

Front 198

Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds

Back 198

fungiform

Front 199

Which of the following is a function of tears

Back 199

all are correct

Front 200

Which of the following descriptions apply to the term myopia

Back 200

nearsighyedness

Front 201

Hormone glucagon

Back 201

antagonist of insulin

Front 202

Hormone PTH

Back 202

increases blood count

Front 203

Hormone calcitonin

Back 203

antagonist of PTH

Front 204

Hormones ADH and oxytocin

Back 204

secreted by pituitary glands

Front 205

Hormones epinephrin and norepinephrin

Back 205

secreted by adreneal glands

Front 206

The hormone oxytocin

Back 206

all are correct

Front 207

A hormone that lowers the level of calcium ions in the blood is

Back 207

calcitonin

Front 208

Which of these statements about melatonin is false

Back 208

exposure to light stimulates production

Front 209

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

Back 209

FSH

Front 210

________________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues

Back 210

hormones

Front 211

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 contain the element

Back 211

iodine

Front 212

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

Back 212

TSH

Front 213

Which of the following is not true of the nervous system

Back 213

responses are long lived

Front 214

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to fall is

Back 214

insulin

Front 215

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

Back 215

hypothyroidism

Front 216

The hypothalamus controls secretion of the pituitary gland by

Back 216

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a portal circulatory system

Front 217

A hormone that reduces fluid loss at the kidneys by retaining sodium ions (Na+) is

Back 217

aldosterone

Front 218

Which of these hormones increases the production of red blood cells

Back 218

erythropoietin

Front 219

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and

Back 219

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

Front 220

The ovarian structure known as the corpus luteum secretes

Back 220

progesterone