Ap Final (13,14)

Front 1

What is a spinal reflex?

Back 1

rapid, automatic responses triggered by specific stimuli

Front 2

Where is a spinal reflex controlled?

Back 2

controlled in the spinal cord

Front 3

What is the shallow longitudinal grove on the posterior surface?

Back 3

posterior median sulcus

Front 4

What is the deeper grove on the anterior surface?

Back 4

anterior median fissure

Front 5

What does the cervical enlargement innervate?

Back 5

supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

Front 6

What does the lumbar enlargement innervate?

Back 6

innervation of pelvis and lower limbs

Front 7

What is the conus meduallaris?

Back 7

tapered and conical region inferior to the lumbar enlargement

Front 8

What is the filum terminale?

Back 8

slender strand of fibrous tissue extending from inferior tip of conus medullaris, extends to second sacral vertebrae

Front 9

What does the dorsal root ganglia contain?

Back 9

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 10

What is a dorsal root?

Back 10

contain axons of neurons that bring sensory information into the spinal cord

Front 11

What is a ventral root?

Back 11

contain axons of motor neurons that extend into periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors (both dorsal and ventral roots pass through intervertebral foramen)

Front 12

What is a spinal nerve?

Back 12

sensory and motor roots are bound together to form spinal nerves
(mixed nerves – carry both afferent or sensory and efferent or motor fiber)

Front 13

When does the spinal cord stop elongating?

Back 13

4 yrs. Old

Front 14

What is the cauda equina?

Back 14

L2-S5 extend inferiorly past the conus medullaris, so the filum terminale and dorsal and ventral roots resemble a horses tail

Front 15

What is the function of the spinal meninges?

Back 15

provide physical stability and shock absorption, blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord (cranial meninges surround the brain)

Front 16

What is the function of the cranial meninges?

Back 16

surround the brain

Front 17

What are the 3 layers of meninges from outside to inside?

Back 17

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

Front 18

What is the epidural space?

Back 18

space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal, contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

Front 19

What is an epidural block?

Back 19

temporary sensory loss or a sensory and motor paralysis

Front 20

What is the subdural space?

Back 20

separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater

Front 21

What is the subarachnoid space?  What is found there?

Back 21

between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) which acts as a shock absorber and a diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

Front 22

What is a spinal tap?  What is it used for?

Back 22

insertion of needle into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF; used to diagnose severe back pain, headaches, disc problems and some strokes; used when the CNS is suspected of being infected

Front 23

What are denticulate ligament?

Back 23

extend from the pia mater to the dura mater, prevent lateral movement

Front 24

What is meningitis?

Back 24

inflammation of the meningeal membranes caused by bacterial or viral infection, can disrupt the normal circulatory and cerebrospinal fluid supplies, damaging or killing neurons and neuroglia in the affected area

Front 25

What type of matter forms the butterfly shape?

Back 25

Gray Matter

Front 26

What are the horns?

Back 26

projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord

Front 27

What are sensory nuclei?

Back 27

receive and relay sensory information from peripheral effectors (nuclei – functional group of cell bodies in gray matter of spinal cord)

Front 28

What are motor nuclei?

Back 28

issue motor commands to peripheral effectors

Front 29

What are the divisions of the white matter of the spinal cord?

Back 29

posterior white columns
anterior white columns
lateral white column

Front 30

What is a tract?

Back 30

a bundle of axons in the CNS that relay the same type of information

Front 31

What is an ascending tract?

Back 31

carry sensory information toward the brain

Front 32

What is a descending tract?

Back 32

convey motor commands to the spinal cord

Front 33

What is the epineurium?

Back 33

outer most layer, covering the entire nerve

Front 34

What is the Perineurium?

Back 34

middle layer, divides the nerve into fascicles

Front 35

What is the endoneurium?

Back 35

innermost layer, surrounds individual axons

Front 36

What is a white ramus?

Back 36

contains preganglionic melinated axons, light in color

Front 37

What is the collective name for white and gray rami?

Back 37

Rami communicantes

Front 38

What is the dorsal ramus?

Back 38

contains somatic motor and visceral motor fibers that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles of the back

Front 39

What is the ventral ramus?

Back 39

supply the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs

Front 40

What is a region of the body surface monitored by a pair of nerves?

Back 40

Dermatome

Front 41

What are peripheral neuropathies?

Back 41

regional losses of sensory and motor function resulting from compression or trauma (arm or leg fallen asleep)

Front 42

A complex interwoven network of nerves is a _____________.

Back 42

Nerve Plexuses

Front 43

What are the 3 large plexuses?

Back 43

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

Front 44

Which innervates the neck’s muscles and controls diaphragmatic muscles?

Back 44

cervical plexus

Front 45

Which innervates the shoulder girdle and upper limbs?

Back 45

brachial plexus

Front 46

Which innervates the pelvic girdle and lower limbs?

Back 46

lumbosacral plexus

Front 47

What is a neuronal pool?

Back 47

functional groups of interconnected neurons

Front 48

List each type of neuronal pool.

Back 48

divergence
convergence
serial processing
parallel processing
parallel processing
reverberation

Front 49

Rapid automatic responses to stimuli are ___________.

Back 49

rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli

Front 50

What are the 5 steps involved in a neural reflex?

Back 50

i. The arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor
ii. The activation of a sensory neuron
iii. Information processing
iv.  The activation of a motor neuron
v. The response of a peripheral effector

Front 51

What are peripheral neuropathies?

Back 51

regional losses of sensory and motor function resulting from compression or trauma (arm or leg fallen asleep)

Front 52

A complex interwoven network of nerves is a _____________.

Back 52

Nerve Plexuses

Front 53

What are the 3 large plexuses?

Back 53

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

Front 54

Which innervates the neck’s muscles and controls diaphragmatic muscles?

Back 54

cervical plexus

Front 55

Which innervates the shoulder girdle and upper limbs?

Back 55

brachial plexus

Front 56

Which innervates the pelvic girdle and lower limbs?

Back 56

lumbosacral plexus

Front 57

What is a neuronal pool?

Back 57

functional groups of interconnected neurons

Front 58

List each type of neuronal pool.

Back 58

divergence
convergence
serial processing
parallel processing
parallel processing
reverberation

Front 59

Rapid automatic responses to stimuli are ___________.

Back 59

rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli

Front 60

the spread of information from one neuron to several neurons, or from one pool to multiple pools; permits the broad distribution of a specific input

Back 60

Divergence

Front 61

several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron

Back 61

Convergence

Front 62

information is relayed in a stepwise fashion, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next

Back 62

Serial processing

Front 63

occurs when several neurons or neuronal pools process the same information simultaneously

Back 63

Parallel processing

Front 64

collateral branches of axons somewhere along the circuit extend back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neurons; help maintain consciousness, muscular coordination, and normal breathing

Back 64

Reverberation

Front 65

What type of feedback mechanism is usually involved in a response?

Back 65

neural reflex

Front 66

What are the 4 ways reflexes are classified?

Back 66

development of reflexes
nature of the response
complexity of the circuit
processing site

Front 67

What is an innate reflex?  Examples?

Back 67

result from the connections that form between neurons during development

withdrawal from pain, chewing, sucking, or tracking objects with eyes

Front 68

What is an acquired reflex (3)? Examples?

Back 68

1. complex learned patterns
2.  motor responses are rapid and automatic, but learned rather than preestabilished
3.  enhanced by repetition

ex; brakes, putting blinker on, wiping mouth after a bite

Front 69

What is a spinal reflex?

Back 69

the important interconnections and processing events occur in the spinal cord

Front 70

What is a cranial reflex?

Back 70

processed in the brain

Front 71

What does a somatic reflex control?

Back 71

involuntary control of the muscular system

Front 72

What does a visceral reflex control?

Back 72

activities of other systems

Front 73

What is a monosynaptic reflex? Example?

Back 73

1.  simplest reflex arc
2.  a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron, which serves as the processing center

ex: stretch reflex

Front 74

What is a polysynaptic reflex? 

Back 74

1.  has at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron
2.  longer delay between the stimulus and response

Front 75

What is a stretch reflex? Example?

Back 75

provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length

patellar reflex

Front 76

How does the patellar reflex work?

Back 76

a. when physician taps your patellar tendon with reflex hammer, receptors in the quadriceps muscle are stretched
b. the distortion of the receptors in turn stimulates sensory neurons that extend into the spinal cord and synapse on a motor neurons that control the motor units in the stretched muscle
c. this leads to reflexive contraction of the stretched muscle – extends knee in brief kick
d. receptors are muscle spindles

Front 77

Describe a muscle spindle.

Back 77

consists of a bindle of small, specialized skeletal muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers

Front 78

What is the tendon reflex?

Back 78

monitors the external tension produced during a muscular contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of tendons

Front 79

What is the withdrawal reflex?

Back 79

moves affected parts of the body away from a simulus

Front 80

What is a withdrawal reflex affecting the muscles of a limb?

Back 80

flexor reflex

Front 81

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Back 81

when one set of motor neurons is stimulated, those neurons that control antagonistic muscles are inhibited

Front 82

What is an ipsilateral reflex arc?

Back 82

sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on the same side of the body (stretch, tendon, and withdrawal reflexes)

Front 83

What is a contralateral relex arc?

Back 83

motor response occurs on the side opposite the stimulus (crossed extensor reflex)
ex step on a nail, the other leg straightens to support weight

Front 84

What affect can the brain have on a spinal reflex?

Back 84

can facilitate or inhibit reflex motor patterns based in the spinal cord

Front 85

The brain contains _______ of the neural tissue in the body.

Back 85

98%

Front 86

What are gyri?  Sulci?

Back 86

elevated ridges

shallow depressions

Front 87

What are the functions of the mesencephalon?

Back 87

a.  Processes visual and auditory information
b. Generates reflexive somatic motor responses
c.  Involved in maintaining consciousness

Front 88

What are the 3 embryonic swelling of the neural tube?

Back 88

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon.

Front 89

What will become the cerebrum?

Back 89

prosencephalon (forebrain)

Front 90

What will become the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

Back 90

diencephalon

Front 91

What will become the cerebellum and pons?

Back 91

metencephalon (midbrain)

Front 92

What will become the medulla oblongata?

Back 92

myelencephalon

Front 93

What are ventricles?  Locations?

Back 93

A fluid-filled chamber
in the heart, one of the large chambers discharging blood into the pulmonary or systemic circuits
in the brain, one of four fluid-filled interior chambers

Front 94

What is the largest part of the brain?

Back 94

Cerebrum

Front 95

Where does the spinal cord connect to the brain?

Back 95

Medulla Oblongata

Front 96

What 4 things protect the brain?

Back 96

cranial bones
cranial meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
blood-brain barrier

Front 97

What are the 3 cranial meninges?

Back 97

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Front 98

in several areas, the inner layer of the dura mater extends into the cranial cavity, forming a sheet that dips inward and returns; stabilize and support the brain

Back 98

dural folds

Front 99

What are the 3 largest folds? Location?

Back 99

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli

Front 100

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 100

1. cushions delicate neural structures
2. supports the brain
3. transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

Front 101

Where is the formation of CSF formed?

Back 101

choroids plexus, which is a combination of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries

Front 102

Describe the role of specialized ependymal cells with CSF

Back 102

  i. Secrete CSF into the ventricles
ii. Remove waste products from the CSF
iii. Adjust the CSF composition

Front 103

What is hydrocephalus?

Back 103

“water on the brain”; interference in CSF circulation, fluid builds up, pressure increases and the brain is compressed

Front 104

What is cerebrovascular disease?

Back 104

circulatory disorder that interferes with the normal circulatory supply to the brain

Front 105

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

Back 105

stroke; when a part of the blood supply to the brain is shut off; neurons without oxygen and nutrients die off

Front 106

What is the blood brain barrier?

Back 106

isolates neural tissue from the general circulation

Front 107

Where is the blood brain barrier not intact?

Back 107

1. hypothalamus
2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland
3. pineal gland
4. choroids plexus

Front 108

Where do conscious thought and all intellectual functions originate?

Back 108

cerebrum

Front 109

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information and generates motor commands that concern _________

Back 109

the opposite side of the body

Front 110

What fibers interconnect areas of the neural cortex within a single hemisphere?

Back 110

association fibers

Front 111

What fibers interconnect and allow communication between the two cerebral hemispheres?

Back 111

commissural fibers

Front 112

What fibers link the cerebral cortex to the dicencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord?

Back 112

projection fibers

Front 113

What does the primary motor cortex do?

Back 113

directs voluntary movements by means of the pyramidal system

Front 114

What does the primary sensory cortex do?

Back 114

receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors

Front 115

What does the visual cortex do?

Back 115

receives visual information

Front 116

What does the auditory cortex do?

Back 116

receives information about hearing

Front 117

What does the olfactory cortex do?

Back 117

receives information about smell

Front 118

What is responsible for the coordination of learned movements?

Back 118

somatic motor association area or premotor cortex

Front 119

receive information from many different association areas and they direct complex motor activities; located on the lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres

Back 119

major integrative centers

Front 120

Receives information from all the sensory association areas. It is present in only one hemisphere – generally the left; it plays an essential role in your personality

Back 120

general interpretive area

Front 121

What is aphasia?

Back 121

disorder that affects the ability to speak or read

Front 122

What is dyslexia?

Back 122

disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words

Front 123

What regulates the patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech?

Back 123

the speech center

Front 124

What are the limbic system functions?

Back 124

i. Establishing the emotional states and related behavioral drives
ii. Linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem
iii. Facilitating memory storage and retrieval

Front 125

What are the two structures of the diencephalons?

Back 125

hypothalamus
thalamus

Front 126

What is the infundibulum?

Back 126

narrow stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Front 127

What is the final relay point for ascending sensory information?

Back 127

Thalamus

Front 128

Adjusts postural muscles

Back 128

function of the cerebellum

Front 129

What are two example of the autonomic nuclei? What do they control?

Back 129

i.  cardiovascular centers – adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood
ii.  respiratory rhythmicity centers – set basic pace for respiratory movements

Front 130

provide motor commands to muscles of the pharynx, neck, and the back as well as to the visceral organs of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

Back 130

sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves

Front 131

What do the relay stations along sensory and motor pathways do? (#2 in that section)

Back 131

Tracts leaving these nuclei cross to the opposite side of the brain before reaching their destinations (decussation)

Front 132

Programs and fine-tunes movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels

Back 132

function of the cerebellum

Front 133

Receives proprioceptive information from the spinal cord and monitors all proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations

Back 133

function of the cerebellum

Front 134

the subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions

Back 134

function of the hypothalamus

Front 135

the control of autonomic function

Back 135

function of the hypothalamus

Front 136

the coordination of activities of the nervous and endocrine

Back 136

function of the hypothalamus

Front 137

the secretion of hormones

Back 137

function of the hypothalamus

Front 138

the production of emotions and behavioral drives

Back 138

function of the hypothalamus

Front 139

coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions

Back 139

function of the hypothalamus

Front 140

regulation of body temperature

Back 140

function of the hypothalamus

Front 141

control of circadian rhythms

Back 141

function of the hypothalamus

Front 142

white matter of the cerebellum that forms a branching array that in sectional view resembles a tree, “tree of life”

Back 142

arbor vitae

Front 143

What is the epithalamus responsible for?

Back 143

regulation of the day-night cycles and in regulation of reproductive functions

Front 144

each of the two cerebral hemispheres is responsible for specific functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere

Back 144

hemispheric lateralization

Front 145

What is disconnection syndrome?

Back 145

two hemispheres function independently, each hemisphere is not aware of stimuli or motor commands from its counterpart hemisphere

Front 146

responsible for spatial relationships and analyses.  It analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment

Back 146

right hemisphere

Front 147

contains the general interpretive and speech centers and is responsible for language based skills.  It is also important in doing analytical tasks (ex. Mathematical calculations and logical decision making)

Back 147

left hemisphere