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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another
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the definition of Anatomy
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the study of how the body and its parts work or function
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definition of physiology
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system level, organism level
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levels of structural organization from the least complex to the most complex
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What are the smallest units of all living things?
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cell
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Tissues consist of a group of what?
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a group of cells that have a common function
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Organs are composed of two or more what?
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tissue types that perform a specific function for the body
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maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth, differentiation
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9 necessary life functions
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nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure
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5 survival needs
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What is the state of equilibrium within the body?
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Homeostasis
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stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector
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components of a complete control system
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In which type of feedback mechanism is the net effect of the response to shut off the stimulus or reduce its intensity?
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms
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In which type of feedback mechanism is the stimulus increased and pushed to a variable farther from its original value?
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Positive Feedback Mechanisms
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Which type is involved in most feedback mechanisms?
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms
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Heating systems and hypothalamus are examples of which type of feedback mechanism?
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms
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Blood blotting and labor are examples of which type of feedback mechanism?
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Positive Feedback Mechanisms
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The science that deals with the structure of matter is known as what?
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Chemistry
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What type of energy is actually doing work?
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kinetic energy
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What are the building blocks of matter?
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Elements
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What is the smallest stable unit of matter?
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Atom
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What are the 3 subatomic particles?
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
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electrons
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What is the normal charge of an atom?
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neutral
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Isotopes have the same number of __________ but vary in the number of _______________.
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protons and electrons; neutrons
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outermost shell, determines the chemical behavior of the atom
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valence shell
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Atoms with unfilled valence shells are reactive or nonreactive?
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reactive
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Atoms with filled valence shells are reactive or nonreactive?
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non-reactive
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What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
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covalent, hydrogen, ionic
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What is an ion?
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charged particles
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positively charged ions (lost an electron)
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cation
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negatively charged ions (gained an electron)
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anion
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What bonding type forms ions and is held together by the opposite force?
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ionic
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In which bonding type are electrons shared?
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covalent
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What is the name for the bonding type in which electrons are shared equally?
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polar covalent
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What it the name for the bonding type in which electrons are shared unequally?
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nonpolar covalent
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Two or more atoms combining into larger more complex molecules
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synthesis
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A molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions
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decomposition
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List the important inorganic compounds in the body
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water, salts, acids and bases
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What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
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inorganic lacks carbon
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What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
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water
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Why is water’s high heat capacity important?
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i. Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes
ii. Temperature must be high before individual molecules can break free to become water vapor (water stays in the liquid state over a wide range of temperatures) iii. Prevents sudden changes in body temp iv. When water changes from a liquid to vapor, it carries away a lot of heat v. Takes a large about of heat to change water temperature |
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once a quality of water has reached a particular temperature, it will change temperature slowly
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thermal inertia
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Why is water the universal solvent?
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polarity
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What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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Hydrophilic molecules – molecules that willingly interact with water. Hydrophobic molecules do not.
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The concentration of H is measured in what?
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pH units
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What is the range of the pH scale?
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0-14
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What is neutral?
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7
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What does that mean about the concentrations of H and OH?
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equal numbers of each
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What is acidic?
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less than 7
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What does that mean about the concentrations of H and OH?
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more H than OH
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What is basic or alkaline?
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more than 7
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more OH than H
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basic or alkaline
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Dissociate to release hydroxide ions
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bases
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Dissociate to release hydrogen ions
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acids
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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4 major organic compounds in the body
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Composed of C, O, H, N and P
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nucleic acids
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Contain C, H, O, but C and H far outnumber O atoms
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lipids
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Contain C, H, O, N and sometimes sulfur
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proteins
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Contain C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
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carbohydrates
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
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Saturated – carbons have all single bonds, solid (completely saturated with hydrogens) Unsaturated – some double or triple bonds, liquid (not completely saturated with hydrogens)
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What is ATP and why is it important?
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modified nucleotide;
1. provides a form of energy that is usable by all body cells 2. without ATP, molecules cannot be made or broken down, cells cannot maintain their boundaries, and all life processes grind to a halt |
