A&p Female Reproductive System

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 Practiced in 28 African nations and Asia

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 Most prevalent in war torn and male chauvinistic cultures

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 Many African nations trying to eradicate practice

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 100-140 million girls and women have undergone according to Amnesty International

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 Adverse psychiatric consequences

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 Decreased sexual sensitivity

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 Cultural justifications:
• Hygeine
• Preserve female virginity
• Aesthetics
• Effects:
• Shock
• Infection
• Decreased sexual function

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Female Genital Mutilation

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 A fibromuscular tube opening at the <b>introitus</b> and ending at the cervix

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Vagina

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 <b>Bartholin’s glands</b> open lateral to introitus to release lubricant

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Vagina

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 Made of stratified squamous epithelium

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Vagina

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 Heavily innervated
 Gräfenberg (G) spot is bean shaped erogenous zone 1-3 inches inside vagina on anterior wall

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Vagina

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 Bag where fetus develops

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Uterus

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 Endometrium grows to prepare for pregnancy then is sloughed off during menstration

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Uterus

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 Myometrium made of smooth muscle for expelling fetus

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Uterus

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 Named after Gabriele Falloppio, MD

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Fallopian Tubes or Uterine Tubes or Oviduct or Salpinx

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 One extends from left and other from right of uterus

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Fallopian Tubes or Uterine Tubes or Oviduct or Salpinx

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 Place where egg and sperm meet

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Fallopian Tubes or Uterine Tubes or Oviduct or Salpinx

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 Creates eggs by oögenesis while female fetus is in utero

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Ovary

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 Creates sex hormones

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Ovary

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 Made in luteal cells in ovaries (right) from surrounding lipids

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Female Hormones

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• Enlargement of vulva, hips, and breasts, with fat deposition particularly during pregnancy

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β-estradiol

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• Maintain bone density

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β-estradiol

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• Protects against memory loss

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β-estradiol

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• Promotes endometrial growth

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Progesterone

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• Prevents contractions during pregnancy

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Progesterone

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• Promotes lobule development in breasts and breast swelling

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Progesterone

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 Changes in the uterus define the

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menstrual, endometrial, or uterine cycle

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Changes in the ovaries define the

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ovarian cycle

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 The cycle of egg maturation

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Ovarian Cycle

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 During which phase of the Ovarian Cycle does the follicle containing the egg grow?

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follicular phase

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Which hormones stimulate egg maturation ?

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 Luteinizing (LH) & follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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In ovulation the egg...

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 is extruded

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 Ovulation always happens __ days before menses

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14 days

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 Ovulation stimulated by what?

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LH & FSH surge

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 In luteal phase follicle is called a ____ & makes ____ and ____

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a corpus luteum & makes β estradiol and progesterone

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 If no pregnancy what dies?

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corpus luteum

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 Woman’s libido level and taste in men changes during ovarian cycle; during ovulation women can favor

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more aggressive men

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 Allows human female to breed and be interested in sex throughout year

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Menstrual, Endometrial, or Uterine Cycle

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 Endometrium grows in anticipation of pregnancy

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Menstrual, Endometrial, or Uterine Cycle

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 ____ hormone promotes endometrial growth

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Progesterone

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 Menarche is

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the 1st menstration; between ages 11-15, 13 years average

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 Cycle lasts 20-43 days, but 28 days average

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Menstrual, Endometrial, or Uterine Cycle

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 11 days long

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Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative Phase

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 Endometrium rebuilds after menstration

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Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative Phase

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 Glands secrete mucus to help guide sperm

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Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative Phase

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 Under influence of estrogen

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Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative Phase

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 After ovulation estrogen and progesterone cause additional endometrial growth

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Menstrual Cycle: Secretory Phase

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 Glands release nutrients for possible fertilization called uterine milk

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Menstrual Cycle: Secretory Phase

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Glands release nutrients during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. What is this called?

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uterine milk

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 If no fertilization, corpus luteum dies and progesterone levels fall

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Menstrual Cycle: Menstruation

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During menstruation ...

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corpus luteum dies and progesterone levels fall &  Endometrium sloughs off as the period

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 Endometrium sloughs off as the period

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Menstrual Cycle: Menstruation

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 Endometrium dies

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Menstrual Cycle: Menstruation

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 Endometrial vessels hemorrhage

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Menstrual Cycle: Menstruation

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 Libido is mediated by _____ (hormone)

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testosterone

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 Woman’s level of desire and taste in men changes during her ___

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menstrual cycle

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Female desire reaches peak during time of _____

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ovulation

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 Women’s libido highest from ages __ to __

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ages 40-50

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 Clitoris is almost identical to the _____

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penis

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 After stimulation erectile tissue in clitoris fills with _____

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blood

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 Clitoris grows to several times its size during "____"

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female erection

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 _____ glands secrete lubricant mucus so penetration does not irritate woman

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Bartholin’s glands

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 At appropriate time, woman has an _____ or _____

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orgasm or ejaculation

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 Skeletal muscles in woman’s entire body increase tension during _______

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orgasm or ejaculation

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 Perineal muscles contract rhythmically during _____

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orgasm or ejaculation

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 Uterus and Fallopian tube muscles contract rhythmically during ____

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orgasm or ejaculation

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 Final stage of sexual act is "_____"

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resolution

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 Painful sex in a woman from physical or psychological causes

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Dyspareunia

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 Vaginal lubrication and dilation decrease

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Dyspareunia

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 Causes:
• Infection
• Tumor
• Female circumcision
• Past sexual abuse

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Dyspareunia

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 Egg viable no longer than 24 hours after expulsion from ovary

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Female Fertility Period

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 Egg viable no longer than ______ after expulsion from ovary

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24 hours

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 Sperm can live in female genitalia for up to _____

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5 days

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 Thus, to conceive sex should be from a ___ before ovulation to a ___ after

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a few days before ovulation to a few hours after

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 Zygote undergoes mitosis then implants on uterus after 9 days in mammals

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Implantation

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 Zygote undergoes mitosis then implants on uterus after ___ days in mammals

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9 days

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 Weight gain of 24 average lbs:
• 7 lbs fetus
• 4 lbs amniotic fluid, placenta, and membranes
• Uterus 2 lbs
• Breasts 2 lbs
• Extracellular fluid 6 lbs
• Fat 3 lbs

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Pregnancy

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• Woman’s appetite increases from increased nutritional needs

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Pregnancy

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• β-hCG in urine & blood causes + pregnancy test

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Pregnancy