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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A nerve cell whose cell body has only TWO processes, one axon and the other a dendrite.
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Bipolar neuron
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Nerve cell that has many processes arising from its cell body
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Multipolar neuron
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Neuron that has a SINGLE nerve fiber extending from its cell body
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Unipolar neuron
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Portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus, and from which the fibers extend.
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Cell body
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Process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons
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Dendrite
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A nerve fiber, conducts a nerve impulse AWAY from a neuron cell body
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Axon
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Fine cytoplasmic thread that extends from the cell body into the process of a neuron
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Neurofibril
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Fatty material that forms a sheathlike covering around nerve fibers
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Myelin sheath
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Short region of exposed unmyelinated axon between Schwann cells on neurons of the peripheral nervous system.
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Node of Ranvier
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Afferent neurons: carry nerve impulses from the peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
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Sensory neurons
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Internuncial neurons: lie within the brain or spinal cord. impulses from one part of the brain to another.
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Interneurons
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Efferent Neurons: are multipolar and carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands)
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Motor neurons
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star-shaped cells, provide support and hold structures together, aid in metabolism, regulate movement if substances from blood vessels, BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
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Astrocytes
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occur in rows along myelinated axons, form myelin in the spinal cord and brain.
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Oligodendrocytes
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scattered throughout the CNS, help support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris
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Microglia
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cuboidal or columnar in shape, may have cilia, form on the inner lining of the central canal that extend downward through the spinal cord
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Ependyma
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cover specialized capillaries called CHOROID PLEXUSES, REGULATE the composition if the cerebrospinal fluid
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Ependyma
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Speed neurotransmission, lipid rich membranes that wrap tightly around the axons of peripheral neurons
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Schwann Cells
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Support Ganglia in the PNS
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Satellite Cells
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Sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change
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Receptor
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Transmit nerve impulses from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord
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Sensory neuron
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Serves as a processing center, conducts nerve impulse from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron
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interneuron
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transmits nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord OUT to an effector
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Motor neuron
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Responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action
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Effector
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simple monosynaptic reflex, a sensory neuron communicating directly to a motor neuron
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knee-jerk reflex
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reflex that involves a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and motor neuron
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withdrawal reflex
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largest portion of the brain
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cerebrum
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Part of the brain that determines intelligence and personality
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cerebrum
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Masses if gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres
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Basal nuclei
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rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem where it separates the midbrain from the medulla oblongata
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pons
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What part of the brain controls cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory
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Medulla Oblongata
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Contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head, and maintain posture
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midbrain
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Relay nerve impulses to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum: help regulate the depth of breathing
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Pons
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outermost layer of the brain, composed of white, dense connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and nerves
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Dura Matter
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Thin, weblike membrane that lacks blood vessels and is located between the dura matter and pia matter
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Arachnoid matter
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Very thin and contains many nerves and blood vessels that nourish the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord
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Pia Matter
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Meninges have 3 layers:
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dura matter, arachnoid matter, and pia matter
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spinal cord consist of ___ segments
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31
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Anterior branches of the spinal cord combine to form complex networks called________
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plexuses
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lie deep within the neck on either side, formed by the first four cervical nerves, supply muscles and skin of the neck
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cervical plexuses
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anterior branches of the lower 4 cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve make the
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brachial plexuses
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formed by the last thoracic nerve and the lumbar, sacral, and cocygeal nerves
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lumbosacral plexuses
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Autonomic Nervous System has 2 divisions:
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Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic Divisions
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Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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opposes the lengthening of the muscle and helps maintain the desired position of a limb in spite of gravitational or other forces tending to move it
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stretch reflex
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include the auricle, and the external acoustic meatus
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Outer (External) Ear
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Outer, funnel-like structure
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auricle
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eardrum
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tympanic membrane
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sometimes called the tympanic cavity, separates the outer and inner ears, contains auditory ossicles
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middle ear
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3 auditory ossicles:
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malleus, incus, and the stapes
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contains thousands of hearing receptor cells, located on upper surface of basilar membrane and stretches from the apex to the base of the cochlea
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Organ of Corti
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contain the osseous labyrinth and the membranous labyrith, intercommunicating chambers
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Inner (Internal) ear
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associated with the changes at body surface, include: TOUCH, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, PAIN
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Exteroreceptive Senses
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Responsible for the sensation of itching, simplest of receptors, lie between epithelial cells
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Free Nerve Endings
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Associated with the changes in muscles and tendons and in body position
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Proprioceptive Senses
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Respond to changes in the concentration of chemical substances
ex: oxygen, hydrogen ions, glucose |
Chemoreceptors
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Sensory receptors in the blood vessel wall stimulated by changes in pressure
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Baroreceptors
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Sensory nerve ending that respond to tension
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Stretch Receptor
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Provide fine touch, found in hairless portions of the skin ex: lips, fingertips, palms, soles, nipples, and external genital organs
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Tactile (MEISSNER'S) Corpuscles
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Found in deep dermal tissues of hands, feet, penis, clitoris, urethra, breast, muscles, joints, tendons. HEAVY PRESSURE stimulate
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Lamellated (PACINIAN) Corpuscles
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Brain has 3 major cavities:
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Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
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Forebrain is also called
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prosencephalon
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very deep groove
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fissure
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shallow to somewhat deep groove
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sulcus
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masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres
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Basal Nuclei
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