A&p Exam Ll

Front 1

galvani

Back 1

concluded that animal musles have electricity

Front 2

conductor

Back 2

channels/carriers ion pass through

Front 3

capacitor

Back 3

lipid bilayer preventing ions from passing (batter)

Front 4

Vm

Back 4

voltage=seperation of charge

Front 5

charge made by movement of

Back 5

potassium ions down conc gradient, while other ions stay similar

Front 6

equilibrium potencial

Back 6

equilibrium between electrical and conc gradient

(electrical potencial away from equilibrium)

Front 7

nerst equation

Back 7

equation for equilibrium potencial

E(x)=(58/2)log(Xo/Xi)

in mV

z=charge of ion (Na and k are +1 while Cl is-1)

x=conc outside and inside

Front 8

E(Na), E(K), E(Cl)

Back 8

Na=+58mv, K=-75mV, Cl=-59

Front 9

Vm vs Ex

Back 9

Vm is avg Ex of Na, Cl, K, with permeability wieghing some of them more

Front 10

goldman equation

Back 10

p=permeability, and concentration inside and outside

Vm=58log(PkKo+PNaNao+PClCli/PKKI+PNaNai+PclClo

Front 11

inc permeability of one anion

Back 11

Ex gets closer to = Vm and has a stronger effect on Vm

Front 12

depolarization

Back 12

dec in neg charge of Vm

Front 13

repolarize

Back 13

lower Vm to normal

Front 14

hyperpolarize

Back 14

Vm goes below normal

Front 15

NT bind to were and what NT

Back 15

to ligand binding cite were signal causes ion channels to open

Ca2+

Front 16

Vm aproaches what after nueron ap and receptor opens

Back 16

it approaches E(Na)

Front 17

inhibitory post-synaptic potencial (IPSP)

Back 17

inhibites nueron by hyperpolarization coming from nueron behind it

Front 18

graded potencial

Back 18

strenth decrease over space/time

Front 19

ex of graded potencial

Back 19

synapse and NT trans

Front 20

excitatory post-synaptic potencial (EPSP)

Back 20

flow of postive ions from postsynapse and makes nueron more likely to fire

Front 21

soma

Back 21

recieves EPSP and IPSPs and intergrates signals

Front 22

axon hillock

Back 22

base of axon, axon desides to fire or not

Front 23

passive electrical signal

Back 23

dissosiation of charge accross space and time (graded potencial)

Front 24

active electrical signal

Back 24

action potencial with no dissos of charge over space time

Front 25

dirrection of action potencial

Back 25

usually forward, some go backward

Front 26

steps to firing ap

Back 26

imput signal-->integration-->output signal

Front 27

initial axon segment

-structure

Back 27

input signal, initial intergration, starts ap

trigger zone aka

-lots of Na channels

Front 28

activation gate

Back 28

closes channel at resting potencial, help build up charge

-opens for depolarizing stimulis

-closes when inactivation gate closes

Front 29

inactivation gate

Back 29

closes Na channel and it coincides with peak of Vm graph

Front 30

Na gates cycle

Back 30

-gates swtich to orginal position=activation gate closed and inactivation gate open/resting

-initiation gate opens and Na comes in

-at peak Na inactiavation gate closes

-once repolarized they switch back to orgianal positions

Front 31

na activation gate opens

Back 31

when depolarization stimulus apears

Front 32

congenative insensativity to pain

Back 32

numbness due to Na channel insensativity

Front 33

paraoxymal extreme pain disorder

Back 33

increased channel function, occular pain increased

Front 34

primary estryommelangia

Back 34

constantly open Na channel for constant pain

Front 35

mouse immune to scorpion

Back 35

scorpion poison opens channels for extreme pain (Na), mouse has effect do opposite so channels make it numb

Front 36

Na inactivator blockage

Back 36

Na inc well beyond max and takes far longer to get K back to normal

Front 37

no K channels effect

Back 37

Na goes slightely beyond max (Vm) but takes very long time to get back ot normal repolarization

Front 38

hyperkalemic peridic paralysis

Back 38

incomplete closure of inactivation gate causeing Na to go beyond normal max and slower responces yield paralysis

Front 39

Steps of firing ( for each part of cell)1ms, 1.5ms, 2ms, 2.5ms

1.resting potencial

2.depolarizing stimulus

3. Membrane depolarizes to threshold (channels open)

4.rapid na entry depolarizes cell

5. Na channels close, slower k channels open

6.k moves to ectracellular fluid

7. extra k leaves hyperpolarizing it

8.k channels close and k leaks out

9.resting potencial achieved

Back 39

1ms: (1-5)

1.5ms: (6-7)(1-5)

2ms: (8)(6-7)(1-5)

2.5ms: (9) (8) (1-5)

Front 40

myelenation

Back 40

inc speed of tran 100x

Front 41

myelentation speeds how

Back 41

less na pumps, jumps around myelin to speed things up

Front 42

node

Back 42

space between myelin containing pumps

Front 43

sultory condance

Back 43

jumping form node to node between myelin

Front 44

internode

Back 44

myelin between myelinless nodes

Front 45

cardic graph of Vm

Back 45

slower na/Vm increase then platue till repolarization

Front 46

plateu in cardiac graph

Back 46

maintained depolarization due to opening Ca from outside channel

Front 47

resting cardiac Vm

Back 47

-90mV-->+15mV

Front 48

graded potencials occur were

Back 48

dendrties and cell body

Front 49

ions of graded potencial

Back 49

Na, Cl, Ca

Front 50

initiation of graded potencial

Back 50

entry ions via channels

Front 51

ions involved of AP

Back 51

Na and K only

Front 52

type of signal of AP

Back 52

depolarizing only

Front 53

muscle fassicle

Back 53

bundle of muscle fibers(cells)

Front 54

motor unit

Back 54

single nueron and all its connected fibers

Front 55

char of muscle contractoni

Back 55

all or nothing

Front 56

inc size of muscle nueron

Back 56

inc number of fibers assos

Front 57

inc strenth of contraction by

Back 57

inc number of motor units firing

Front 58

dystinia

Back 58

disorder with muscle contractions (stay contracted) , treated with botox (hard to target on fiber with botox)

Front 59

synaptic knob

Back 59

end of nueron, expanded for greater SA to connect with muscle

Front 60

motor end plate

Back 60

sarcolemna accross from synaptic knob, folded for inc SA

Front 61

sarcolemna

Back 61

cell membrane of staited muscle tissue

Front 62

synaptic cleft

Back 62

space between synaptic cleft and motor end plate

Front 63

acetocholnestrase

Back 63

enzyme that breaks down Ach in the synapse

Front 64

Step 1-7 of Ach in muslce

Back 64

mtor nueron apo

Front 65

a-bungarotoxin

Back 65

binds to Ach receptor and effects it

Front 66

nondepolarizing blocker

Back 66

puts Ach recetor in semiopen state

-desensitizes-->shuts down muscles

Front 67

depolarizing blocker

Back 67

binds to Ach receptor to keep it open and it shuts down sytem

Front 68

sarcoplasm

Back 68

muscle cytoplasm

Front 69

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 69

muscles smooth ER

Front 70

transfer tubules

Back 70

invagination of sarcolemma, helps transfer AP to DHP receptor

Front 71

terminal cisternae

Back 71

end of sarcoplasmic reticulum, part of triad

Front 72

storage of Ca

Back 72

in sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 73

triad

Back 73

two ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum and t tubulue-->allows release of Ca

Front 74

chain of action potencial--> Ca release in skel muscle

Back 74

motor end plate-->t tubule-->DHP receptor-->opens RyR receptor-->Ca exits via RyR receptor

Front 75

DHP receptor

Back 75

in t-tubule, ap trigers it to activate and open RyR receptor from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 76

after ca released form sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 76

ca goes to troponin and actin and myosin can power stroke

Front 77

RyR receptor

Back 77

Ca channel opener, signalled by DHP, DHP activation makes z-protein retract and it unplugs hole

Front 78

z-protein

Back 78

acts like plug in RyR receptor blocking Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 79

excitable contraction coupling

Back 79

converting electrical stimuli form nueron to muscle contracion

Front 80

cardiac muscle Ca responce

Back 80

uses L-type Ca channel to bring Ca in as well as DHP receptor

Front 81

L-type Ca channel

Back 81

AP-->L type channel opens-->Ca outside--> Ca inside

Front 82

PMCA and NCX

Back 82

cardiac muscle uses this to bring Ca back to outside after L-type Ca channel brings it inside

NCX:3 Na in and 2 Ca out

Front 83

tube carriers

Back 83

used to get Ca outside of cell (NCX and PMCA)

Front 84

multiminocore disease

Back 84

mutation in RyR1 and SEPN1 genes-->muscle weakness

-->muscle unable to contract without RyR receptor

Front 85

Ca inc signals RyR

Back 85

to release more Ca, positive feedback

Front 86

malignant hyperthermia

Back 86

anesthetic triggeres overheating by massive release of Ca by RyR receptor

-treated with edrophonium which stops RyR receptor

Front 87

NMJ disorders

Back 87

nueromuscular disorders

Front 88

myasthenia gravis

Back 88

autoimune respone to Ach receptor causes occular weakness and treated with edrophonium

-exersize makes it even worker

Front 89

myasthete synapse

Back 89

decrease Adh release, exersize helps resist weakness

Front 90

Guillan bizzare

Back 90

virus:attacks myselin, slows connections

Front 91

Smooth muscle step 1

Back 91

1. Ca outside cell-->inside, ca also released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 92

smooth muscle step 2

Back 92

ca binds to calmodulin (CaM)

Front 93

calmodulin (CaM)

Back 93

in smooth muscle, when Ca binds to it activates MLCK

Front 94

step 3 smooth muscle

Back 94

Cam (w/ Ca) activates MLCK

Front 95

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

Back 95

activated by CaM (w/ Ca), it phosphorylates light chains in myosin head

Front 96

step 4 smooth muscle

Back 96

mlck phosphorylates light chains in myosin head

-results in myosin forming cross bridge with actin

Front 97

steps of relaxation of smooth muscle

Back 97

dec in Ca-->CaM unbinds Ca--> myosin phosphorylase removes phosphate form myosin

Front 98

myosin phosphorylase

Back 98

relaxation of smooth muslce

-low Ca Cam activates it

-removes phasphate from myosin light chains

Front 99

smooth muslce signalling pathways

Back 99

IP3, Ca, modular pathways

Front 100

IP3

Back 100

activated by ligands, helps releases Ca

Front 101

modular receptors

Back 101

activated by ligands, activates MLCK or myosin phosphatase

Front 102

anesthetic mechanism

Back 102

open K+ channels-->hyperpolarization

Front 103

TTX

Back 103

(zombies) enter trance cause it blocks Na channels in brain, nuerons cant fire

Front 104

myofirbils

Back 104

contain actin, myosin, ect, main part of sarcomere

many make up cell

Front 105

thin miliment

Back 105

f-actin=filamentous actin

+

g actin=globular in twisted string

Front 106

thick filament

Back 106

myosin head and tail

Front 107

g-actin

Back 107

globular proteins in twisted string, part of actin filament

Front 108

f-actin

Back 108

filamentous actin, wraps around g-actin

Front 109

sarcomere

Back 109

unit of muscle contractions between two z plates

Front 110

h-zone

Back 110

gap in sarcomere were thick and thin filamnet dont overlap

Front 111

troponin

Back 111

bound to tropomyosin, when Ca present it makes tropomyosin able to bind to actin

Front 112

tropomyosin

Back 112

string around myosin, connected to troponin, tropinin unblocks it when Ca present

Front 113

muscle contraction steps

Back 113

1. actin binds-myosin when atp attaches

2. power stroke ATP-->ADP(stays attached)+Pi (leaves)

3. ADP leaves

4. ATP binds-->cross bridge detaches

5.hydrolysis of ATP results in new cross bridge formation

Front 114

shape fo smooth muscle

Back 114

smaller than skeletal with longer actin/myosin wrapped around dense body

Front 115

sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth musle

Back 115

less than skeletal

Front 116

dense bodies

Back 116

connect different strands of actin/myosin fiber

Front 117

kinase

Back 117

ATP-->ADP

-add P to protein and activates it

Front 118

phosphorylase

Back 118

ADP-->ATP

-removes P from protein and deactivates it

Front 119

aortic aneurysm

Back 119

smooth muscles around aorta relax and aorta expands

Front 120

twitch

Back 120

single contraction/relaxation cycle

Front 121

tetanus

Back 121

max tension period

Front 122

central fatigue

Back 122

CNS psychological fatuge, protective reflexes

Front 123

peripheral fatigue

Back 123

at NT junction and on

Front 124

nueromuscular junction fatigue

Back 124

nuerotransmitter release, receptor activation

Front 125

excitation contraction coupling

Back 125

change in musle membrane potencial

Front 126

Ca signal fatigue

Back 126

dec Ca, less interaction

Front 127

contraction/relaxation theory

Back 127

a theory of fatiuge, atp, glycogen depltion

-depletion theories

Front 128

accumilation theories

Back 128

a theory of fatige, H+,Pi, lactate accumilation

Front 129

isometric contraction

Back 129

tension<resistance, building up tension for lifting

-elastic fibers elongate while actin and myosin shorten

Front 130

isotonic contrcaiton

Back 130

tension>resistacne, object moves

-elastic fibers shorten and actin and myosin stay same

Front 131

nebulin

Back 131

helps align actin

Front 132

titin

Back 132

provides elasticity of muscle and stabalizes myosin

Front 133

intercollated disks composition

Back 133

gap junctions

Front 134

autorythmic

Back 134

able to gen contraction wihtout nerves (heart0

Front 135

cardiac fibers lenth

Back 135

short

Front 136

cardiac controlled by

Back 136

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervs

Front 137

t-tebules found in what muscle

Back 137

skeletal and cardiac only

Front 138

controll of skeletal done by what chems

Back 138

Ca and troponin

Front 139

controll of smooth done by what chems

Back 139

ca and calmodulin, with fibers electrically linked via gap juncitons

Front 140

controll of cardiac done by

Back 140

ca and troponin, fibers linked via gap junctions

Front 141

spd of cardiac muslce

Back 141

intermediate

Front 142

graded potencial in what muscle

Back 142

smooth and cardiac

Front 143

epinephrine effects what muscle

Back 143

cardiac only

Front 144

initiation of contraction for each muslce

Back 144

skeletal=Ach

Smooth=stretch/chem

cardiac=autoarythmic

Front 145

type of nueron for each muscle tisuse

Back 145

skeletal=somatic

smooth and cardiac=autonomic

Front 146

facilitates integration

Back 146

dendrites

Front 147

missl bodies

Back 147

rouph ER

Front 148

axon hillock

Back 148

were axon connects to cell body

Front 149

axon collaterals

Back 149

side branches of main axon

Front 150

anaxonic nuerons

Back 150

axon the same as dendritea nd branch in every dirreciton

Front 151

unipolar nueron char

Back 151

very long axon fused with dendrite

-not common in humans

Front 152

bipolar nueron char

Back 152

small, one dendtrite and one axonmu

Front 153

multipolar char

Back 153

abundant in humans

single long axon with mult dendrites

Front 154

internueron

Back 154

facilitate communication between sensory and moror nuerons

-are inhibitory

Front 155

glia cells located where

Back 155

both CNS and PNS

-half volume of Nervous system

Front 156

size of glia

Back 156

smaller than nuerons but ten times more abundant in number

Front 157

char of glia

Back 157

mitotic

-protect and noursish nuerons

Front 158

four types of cells in CNS

Back 158

astrocyte, ependymal cell, microglial cell, oligodendrocyte

Front 159

astrocytes

Back 159

protective=maintian blood-brain barrier

-scaffold=create 3D framework for CNS

-repair damaged nueral tissue

-control interstitial environment (clear potassium form inside)

Front 160

devopment of astrocytes

Back 160

glia develope before astrocytes

Front 161

ependymal cells (type of cell)

Back 161

ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells lining ventricles of the brain and spinal cord

-cilia used for circulating spinal fluid

Front 162

purpose of ependymal cells

Back 162

working with glial cells, it produces cerebral spinal fluid and form choroid plexus

-have stem cell like properteis

Front 163

choroid plexus

Back 163

clustering of ependymal cells making spinal fluid

Front 164

microglial cells

Back 164

small motile cells that remove debris via phagocytosis

-imp part of immune system

Front 165

microglial cells char

Back 165

are motile enabling them to undergo phagocytosis on cell debris anywere in CNS

Front 166

oligodendrocytes

Back 166

CNS only

-wrap themselves around axons like electrical tape around wire producing myelin

-1 cell can wrap multiple sections of myelin

Front 167

glial cells of PNS

Back 167

satellite cells and shwann cells (nuerolemmocytes)

Front 168

satellite cells/amphicytes

Back 168

aka amphicytes

-surround ganglia

-regulate environemtn around nueron

Front 169

nuerolemmocytes/shwann cells

Back 169

PNS only, wrap themself aroudnt he axons for myelin, 1 cell= one myelin sheath part

Front 170

types of reflexes (ex)

Back 170

-auditory, corneal (light touch of cornea causes eye to blind)

-cough, gag, pupillary (light causes eyes to constrict), muslce (stetching), movement(walking)

Front 171

reflex occurs were

Back 171

bypasses brain, goes to spinal cord or to brain stem

Front 172

cranial reflex

Back 172

integration of reflex occuring in brain

Front 173

automatic responce char

Back 173

happens same way every time

Front 174

somatic reflexes

Back 174

contraction of skeletal muscles

-includes superficial and stretch reflexes, muscle contractions

Front 175

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

Back 175

involuntary, smooth muscle, glands

Front 176

ways to get reflex

Back 176

innate and learned

Front 177

ganglia

Back 177

nueron cell bodies collected in spinal cord

Front 178

PNA nueroglia

Back 178

satellite cells and schwann cells

Front 179

PNS grey/white matter

Back 179

grey=ganglia=collection of cell bodies in PNS

white=nerves=bundles of axons in PNS

Front 180

sensory nuclei

Back 180

in posterior horns of spinal cord

contain internueron cell bodies of somatic sensory and visceral sensory nuclei

Front 181

motor nuclei

Back 181

in anterior horns of spinal cord

-contain somatic motor nuclei

Front 182

autonomic motor nuclei

Back 182

found in lateral horns of spinal cord

Front 183

order of nuclei in spinal cord form anterior to posterior

Back 183

somatic>autonomic>visceral>somatic

sensory motor

Front 184

reflex arc

Back 184

nueral wiring of single reflex

-begins at receptor in PNS-->CNS-->peripheral effector

Front 185

reciprical inhibition

Back 185

when one muslce is reflexed to contract the antagonist gets hyperpolarized so it stays relaxed

Front 186

reflix is a ___system

Back 186

feedback or feedforward

-stress-->receptor-->controll center-->effector-->return to homeostasis

-feedforward=anticipate change and prevent it

Front 187

proprioreceptors of somatic muscle reflexes

Back 187

found in skeletal muslce, joint capsules, and ligaments

-carry imput sensory nuerons to CNS.

-effectors are muscle

Front 188

alpha motor nuerons

Back 188

carry output signal in somatic motor responce

Front 189

proprioceptor structure

Back 189

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

=sensory receptors of muscles

Front 190

extrafusal muslce

Back 190

part of muscle that contracts-->leads to responce of proprioreceptor

Front 191

muscle spindle

Back 191

senses stretch change in muscle and if hits trigger point then it tells CNS of problem

Front 192

central region of proprioreceptor

Back 192

lacks myofibrils, full of tonically active sensory nuerons for detecting stretch

Front 193

steps to muscle spindle firing

Back 193

1. Extafusal muscle fibers at resting lenth

2. sensory nueron is tonically active

3. spinal cord integrates funciton

4. alpha motor nuerons recieve tonic imput from muscle spindles

5. Extrafusal muscle fibers maintain a certain level of tension at rest (spindles fire even at rest)

Front 194

alpha-gamma coactivation steps

Back 194

muscles both working, muscle tone

1.alpha motor nueron fires and gamma motor nueron fires (antagonist muslces)

2. Muscle contracts

3.stretch on centers of intrafusal fibers unchanged, firing rate of afferant nuerons will remain constant alpha

Front 195

golgi tendons

Back 195

nerve endings located near a muscle-tendon junction

-prevents damage by turning off muscle if too much tension

Front 196

char of golgi tendon vs. muscle spindle

Back 196

polysynaptic, spindle wasn't polysynaptic

Front 197

were are muscle spindles in comparison with golgi tendon organs

Back 197

in series with them, their muslce spindles are connected to golgi tendon organ

Front 198

how golgi tendon reflex works

Back 198

nuerons fire to hyperpolarize motor nueron so it relaxes

-prevents damage from excess loads

Front 199

flexion reflex/crossed extensor reflex

Back 199

when u walk on something painful

2. primary sensory nueron enters spinal cord and diverges

3.a one collateral activates pain and changing center of gravity

b.withdrawel reflex pulls foot away from painfull stimulus

c. crossed extensor reflex supports body as wiehgt shifts away form painfull stimulus

Front 200

brain stem

Back 200

posture, hand eye movement

Front 201

motor areas of cerebral cortex

Back 201

planning and coordinating complex movement

-recieves info from thalamus

-sends info to mid and hindbrain

Front 202

cerebellum

Back 202

monitors output signals form motor areas and adjusts movements

-revieves info from spine, cerebral cortex

-sends info to brani stem, cerebral cortex

Front 203

thalamus

Back 203

connects relay nuclei that moduclate and pass messages via cerebral cortex

Front 204

basal nuclei

Back 204

motor planning