A&p Exam 6

Front 1

Nervous system cells/ Endocrine cells

Back 1

Neurons/ epithelial and others

Front 2

Nervous/endocrine system chem. Sig.

Back 2

Nuerotransmitter/ hormone

Front 3

Nervous/Endocrine specif or response

Back 3

Receptors on postsynaptic cell/ receptors on target cell

Front 4

Nervous/Endocrine speed of onset

Back 4

Seconds/ seconds to hours

Front 5

Nervous/ Endocrine duration of action

Back 5

Very brief unless neuronal activitu continues/ may be brief or may last for days even if secretion ceases

Front 6

Exocrine glands

Back 6

Secrete products into ducts

Front 7

Endocrine glands

Back 7

Secrete products into body fluids to afftect target cells

Front 8

Prostaglandins

Back 8

Locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced

Front 9

Effects of prostaglandins

Back 9

Relax smooth muscles, contract smooth muscles, stimulate secretion of other hormones, influence blood pressure and inflammation

Front 10

3 control mechanisms of hormones

Back 10

1. Release of tropic hormones from the hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior pituitary

2. The nervous system influences certain endocrine glands directly

3. Other glands respond directly to changes in the internal fluid composition

Front 11

Pituitary gland

Back 11

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Front 12

Growth Hormone (GH)

Back 12

(Anterior pituitary)

-Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce,

-speeds rate at which cells use carbs and fats,

- plays a role i. Determining final body size

-targets lobg bones and skeletal muscles

Front 13

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 13

Promotes milk production following birth

May disrupt sexual function in both sexes

Front 14

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 14

Controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland

Front 15

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Back 15

Controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Front 16

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 16

Gonadotropins affecting the testes and ovaries

Front 17

Luteininzin Hormone (LH)

Back 17

Gonadotropins affecting testes and ovaries

Front 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 18

Causes kidneys to conserve water

Front 19

Oxytocin

Back 19

Plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles in the uterine wall and in milk let down into ducts from the milk glands

Front 20

Thyroid gland

Back 20

Located below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus

Front 21

Thyroid hormone

Back 21

Major metabolic hormone

Front 22

Calcitonin

Back 22

Decreases blood calcium levels

Front 23

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 23

Iodine-containing hormones

Front 24

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 24

Increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration.

Stimulates osteoclasts which releases calcium into the blood

Front 25

Aldosterone

Back 25

A mineralocorticoid, causes kidneys to conserve sodium ions, and thus water, and excrete potassium ions

Front 26

Cortisol

Back 26

A glucocorticoid

Influences the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat in response to conditions that stress the body and require a greater supply of energy to the bloodstream.

Front 27

Lymphatic pathway

Back 27

Lymphatic capillary, afferent lymphatic vessel, lymph node, efferent lymphatic vessel, lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein

Front 28

Edema

Back 28

A condition that interferes with the flow of lymph

Front 29

Lymph fluid

Back 29

Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

Front 30

Tissue fluid

Back 30

Water and dissolved substances thst leave blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion. (Interstitial space)

Front 31

Tissue fluid

Back 31

Water and dissolved substances thst leave blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion. (Interstitial space)

Front 32

Function of macrophages and lymphocytes

Back 32

Filter and remove bacteria and cellular debris before lymph is returned to the blood

Front 33

Lymphoid organs

Back 33

Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and peyers patches

Front 34

Tonsils

Back 34

Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx that trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials.

Front 35

Tonsillitis

Back 35

Caused by congestion with bacteria

Front 36

Peyers patches

Back 36

Found in the wall of the small intestine that resemble tonsils in structure. They capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

Front 37

Thymus

Back 37

Soft, bi-lobed organ located behind the sternum, produces Thymosin to program lymphocytes.

Front 38

Spleen

Back 38

Body's largest lymphatic organ that filters blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria. (Also acts as a blood reservoir)

Front 39

Pathogens

Back 39

Disease causing agents

Front 40

2 mechanisms of defense against pathogens

Back 40

Innate (nonspecific) defenses and Adaptive (specific) defenses

Front 41

Innate (nonspecific) defenses

Back 41

Guard against any pathogen and prevent infection

Front 42

Adaptive (specific) defenses

Back 42

(Immunity) mount a response against a very specific target

Front 43

Types of Innate Defenses

Back 43

Species resistance

Mechanical barriers

Chemical barriers

Natural killer cells

Inflammation

Phagocytosis

Fever

Front 44

Species Resistance

Back 44

Species is resistant to diseases that affect other species due to unique chemical environment or temperature

Front 45

Mechanical barriers

Back 45

Unbroken skin and mucous membranes that prevent entry to certain pathogens.

Represent the body's first line of defense.

Front 46

Chemical barriers

Back 46

Highly acidic and caustic environment provided by gastric juice or lyzozyme in tears.

Interferons

Activation of complement stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes and enhances phagocytosis

Front 47

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Back 47

Defend the body against various viruses and cancer cells by secreting perforins.

Secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation

Front 48

Inflammation

Back 48

A tissue response to a pathogen, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.