A+P Exam 3: Immunity

Front 1

what are the two systems that the immune system has:

Back 1

1) innate
2) adaptive

Front 2

this system we are born with, its nonspecific-protects us against all pathogens, forms the first and second line of defense

Back 2

innate system

Front 3

this system is specific-protects us against particular pathogens, form the third line of defense

Back 3

adaptive system

Front 4

this system can destroy pathogens with the help of this other system

Back 4

innate

Front 5

this line of defense is the skin and mucous membranes, it acts as a physical barrier and the epithelial cells produce protective chemicals

Back 5

first line of defense

Front 6

this line of defense is nonspecific cells and chemicals and responses, activated when specific carbs on bacteria, virus, fungus, are recognized

Back 6

second line of defense

Front 7

these cells wander from tissue to tissue and when pathogens get thru the skin they encounter these

Back 7

macrophages

Front 8

Kupffer cells in liver, microglia in brain, Langerhan cells in dermis

Back 8

fixed macrophage-never more

Front 9

most numerous WBC, become phagocytic when encounter pathogen

Back 9

neutrophils

Front 10

weakly phagocytic but good defense against parasitic worms

Back 10

eosinophils

Front 11

mechanisms of phagocytosis:

Back 11

recognizes carbs
phagocyte adheres to pathogen
phagocyte engulfs pathogen via pseudopod
phagosome fuses with lysosome
pathogen killed by enzymes

Front 12

this is a complex of carbs that phagocyte cannot bind to

Back 12

pneumococcus

Front 13

bacteria must be ________, which is a coating of complement proteins and antibodies so the phagocyte can bind

Back 13

opsonized

Front 14

this disease is resistant to lysozomal enzymes, need help of adaptive system

Back 14

tuberculosis Bacillus

Front 15

these cells are the police of the blood and lymph, they target cancer cells and virus infected cells before adaptive system can be activated

Back 15

natural killer

Front 16

perforins are ??

Back 16

molecules that insert themselves into wall of bacteria like a gap junction opening cell to the outside and die

Front 17

this cell is not phagocytic but instead releases perforins??

Back 17

natural killer

Front 18

this response is triggered when body tissue is injured, prevents spread of damage

Back 18

inflammatory response

Front 19

these chemicals: histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement, cytokines all cause blood vessels to ______. also increase _______ causing swelling

Back 19

dilate
permeability

Front 20

Phagocyte influx steps:

Back 20

leukocytosis, margination, diapedisis, chemotaxis

Front 21

this step in phagocyte influx is chemicals released by injured cells promote release of neutrophils from red bone marrow

Back 21

leukocytosis

Front 22

this step in phagocyte influx is endothelial cells sprout adhesions molecules (selections-hook), neutrophils have integrins (hook), bind together cling to capillary wall

Back 22

margination

Front 23

this step in phagocyte influx is neutrophils squeeze out of capillary

Back 23

diapesisis

Front 24

this step in phagocyte influx is chemicals attract neutrophils and WBCs to site of injury

Back 24

chemotaxis

Front 25

these proteins enhance innate defenses, either attack pathogens or prevent their proliferation

Back 25

antimicrobial proteins

Front 26

virus infected cells secrete this protein which secrete to help protect cells that have not been infected

Back 26

interferon

Front 27

a system of 20 plasma proteins normally inactive in blood, major mechanism for destroyingt pathogens in body, system is activated by either classical or alternative pathway

Back 27

complement

Front 28

this pathway of complement is antibodies must bind to pathogen, the C1 binds to Ab/Ag complex

Back 28

classical

Front 29

this pathway of complement is triggered when 3 proteins factors B,D, and P bind to surface or certain pathogens activated cascade

Back 29

alternative

Front 30

C3b binds to a pathogen inserting a group of complement proteins MAC when do what?

Back 30

open hole in membrane-lysis

Front 31

C3b are proteins of _______ that allow macropohages and neutrophils to adhere

Back 31

opsonization

Front 32

when you increase cellular metabolism its speeds up the repair what is this?

Back 32

fever

Front 33

there are 2 sections of the adaptive system they are:

Back 33

humoral and cell-mediated

Front 34

antibodies circulate freely in blood and lymph, bind to bacteria, they do not destroy pathogens but mark them for destruction

Back 34

humoral immunity

Front 35

antibodies provide partial immunity, need T cells

Back 35

cell-mediated immunity

Front 36

this is a substance that evoke an immnue response

Back 36

antigen

Front 37

these originate in red bone marrow
if it goes to the thymus it becomes?

Back 37

lymphocytes
T cell

Front 38

these two hormones iduce maturation of T cells

Back 38

thymosin, thymopoietin

Front 39

this is when T cells are destoryed because they bind to strongly to self proteins and it occurs where?

Back 39

negative selection in thymic medulla-does this so T cells dont attack our own cells

Front 40

T cells interacting weakly with self proteins continue to develop in thymic cortex and become _______

Back 40

immunocompetent

Front 41

B cells become immunocompetent in _________

Back 41

bone marrow

Front 42

these cells engulf pathogens and present fragments of these antigens on their surface (like signal flags)

Back 42

antigen presenting cells

Front 43

humoral immune response occurs when

Back 43

immunocompetent B cell encounters an antigen, resulting in the production of antibodies, primary immune response

Front 44

Antigen binds to B cell receptor making B cell divide rapidly producing a ______, most of these are plasma cells(Ab secreting cell) but some become memory cells

Back 44

clone

Front 45

this class of Ab is first to be released by plasma cells

Back 45

IgM

Front 46

this class of Ab is a dimer, found mainly in mucus and other body secretions, help prevent pathogens from entering body

Back 46

IgA

Front 47

this class of Ab is always found on surface of B cells, acts as B cell receptor

Back 47

IgD

Front 48

this class of Ab is most abundant, main Ab of primary and secondary response, crosses placenta

Back 48

IgG

Front 49

Functions of Ab's

Back 49

do not destroy antigens
they can inactive
they tag Ag's for destruction

Front 50

mechanisms used for antibodies:

Back 50

neutralization, Aggulutination, Precipiation, Complement Fixation

Front 51

this mechanism for Abs is the simpleset and the Abs just block the bacteria and is not able to bind

Back 51

neutralization

Front 52

this mechanism for Abs is the clumping of cells

Back 52

agglutination

Front 53

this mechanism for Abs is the clumping for molecules, molecule is easily engulfed

Back 53

precipitation

Front 54

this mechansism for Abs is the Abs bind to cell, Abs change shape and expose the binding sites (lysis)

Back 54

complement fixation

Front 55

2 populations of cell mediated immune response or T cells

Back 55

CD4 and CD8

Front 56

CD4 cells are the _____
CD8 cells are the ____

Back 56

T helper
Cytotoxic/Supressor

Front 57

role of T helper cells:
role of T cytotoxic cells:

Back 57

stimulate other cells/boost immune system
attack/kill cells

Front 58

T cell granules release _____ after T cell has bound to target cell to cause lyses

Back 58

perforin

Front 59

some T cells secrete:
Lymphotoxin-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-
Gamma Interferon-

Back 59

fragments of DNA
slowly kills target cells
stimulates macrophages