Ap Exam 2 Chapter 20

Front 1

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Back 1

arteries, veins, capillaries

Front 2

Vessel walls are composed of layers called _____

Back 2

tunics

Front 3

The inside space of a vessel through which blood flows

Back 3

lumen

Front 4

What are the three tunics of a blood vessel?

Back 4

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Front 5

In an artery, this is thicker than a vein, and this is smaller than a vein.

Back 5

tunica media is thicker in an artery than in a vein and the arterial lumen is more narrow than a vein's

Front 6

The thickest tunica of a vein

Back 6

Tunica externa

Front 7

some capillaries only have this layer:

Back 7

tunica externa consisting of an endothelium and a basement membrane

Front 8

do capillaries have a subendothelial layer?

Back 8

no

Front 9

what is another name for tunica intima?

Back 9

tunica interna

Front 10

what is the tunica intima made up of?

Back 10

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and a thin subendothelial layer made up of areolar connective tissue

Front 11

this layer is continuous with the endocardium

Back 11

tunica intima

Front 12

this layer of vessel wall is made up circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers supported by elastic fibers

Back 12

tunica media

Front 13

contraction of the smooth muscle in this tunica cause vasoconstriction

Back 13

tunica media

Front 14

relaxation of the smooth muscle in this tunica causes vasodilation

Back 14

tunica media

Front 15

another name for tunica externa

Back 15

tunica adventitia

Front 16

another name for tunica adventitia

Back 16

tunica externa

Front 17

this tunica is composed of areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers

Back 17

tunica externa

Front 18

this tunica helps anchor vessels to their structures

Back 18

tunica externa

Front 19

what is the vaso vasorum?

Back 19

very large vessels require blood supply to the tunica externa. vaso vasorum is this network of blood supply.

Front 20

Arteries and veins that supply the same body region and tend to lie next to each other are called _______

Back 20

companion vessels

Front 21

an artery/vein remains patent when there is no blood in it.. why?

Back 21

artery
there are more elastic fibers and a thicker tunica media that hold its shape

Front 22

Artery or vein?
1 - Narrower lumen
2 - General wall thickness...thicker
3 - flattened cross-sectional shape
4 - tunica media is the thickest tunica
5 - tunica externa is the thickest tunica
6 - has more elastic fibers
7 - valves present
8 - lower blood pressure9
9 - transports blood toward the heart

Back 22

1 - artery
2 - artery
3 - vein
4 - artery
5 - vein
6 - artery has more than vein
7 - most veins
8 - veins
9 - veins

Front 23

Having only the tunica intima allows for what with capillaries?

Back 23

Rapid gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

Front 24

What are the three types of arteries?

Back 24

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

Front 25

List the three types of arteries in order from smallest to largest

Back 25

arterioles, muscular artieries, elastic arteries

Front 26

These are the largest arteries (elastic/muscular/arterioles) with a diameter of _____

Back 26

elastic arteries
2.5 to 1 cm

Front 27

These are called conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to the smaller, muscular arteries

Back 27

elastic arteries

Front 28

The tunics with large amounts of elastic fibers in elastic arteries

Back 28

All three tunics have large amounts of elastic fibers

Front 29

ventricular contraction

Back 29

systole

Front 30

ventricular relaxation

Back 30

diastole

Front 31

Examples of elastic arteries are _____

Back 31

aorta
pulmonary trunk
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
common iliac

Front 32

Elastic arteries branch into _____

Back 32

muscular arteries

Front 33

Muscular arteries have diameters ranging from ____ to _____

Back 33

1 cm to 3 mm

Front 34

These are also called distributing arteries

Back 34

muscular arteries

Front 35

In ______ arteries, the elastic fibers are confined to two circumscribed sheets: The internal elastic lamina separates the _______ from the ______, and the external elastic lamina separates the _____ from the _____

Back 35

muscular;
tunica intima from the tunica media
tunica media from the tunica externa

Front 36

LIst some muscular arteries:

Back 36

brachial, anterior tibial, coronary, and inferior mesenteric arteries

Front 37

These are the smallest arteries:

Back 37

arterioles

Front 38

What is the size range of arterioles?

Back 38

from 3mm to 10 micrometers

Front 39

How many layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have in their tunica media?

Back 39

fewer than six

Front 40

Vasomotor tone is regulated by ______

Back 40

vasomotor center of the brainstem

Front 41

What is vasomotor tone?

Back 41

the constant slightly constricted state of arterioles

Front 42

_____ is a progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries.

Back 42

artherosclerosis

Front 43

Artherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of _____

Back 43

atheroma or atheromatous plaque, which leads to thickening of the tunica intima and narrowing of the arterial lumen

Front 44

What is the response-to-injury hypothesis

Back 44

states that injury to the endothelium of an arterial wall, especially repeated injury caused by infection, trauma, or hypertension, results in an inflammatory reaction, eventually leading to the development of an atheroma.

Front 45

_____ has been positively associated with the rate of development and severity of atherosclerosis

Back 45

hypercholesterolemia

Front 46

Why do smoking and hypertension have increased risks of atherosclerosis?

Back 46

because they cause vascular injury

Front 47

What are two options for treating atherosclerosis surgically?

Back 47

angioplasty and placement of a stent
bypass using a vein from elsewhere in the body

Front 48

Where do aneurysms most occur?

Back 48

arteries at the base of the brain or in the aorta

Front 49

What is an aneurysm?

Back 49

part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out

Front 50

Capillaries connect _____ to _____

Back 50

arterioles to venules

Front 51

What is the average length and diameter of a capillary?

Back 51

1mm in length
8-10 micrometers in diameter

Front 52

Capillaries consist solely of a ____ and a _____

Back 52

endothelial layer resting on a basement membrane

Front 53

What are the three types of capillaries?

Back 53

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

Front 54

Describe a continuous capillary:

Back 54

lining of endothelial cells is complete around the lumen; basement membrane is complete; intercellular clefts exist between endothelial cells

Front 55

Describe a fenestrated capillary:

Back 55

Same as continuous capillary except the cells contain fenestrations, or holes, ranging from 10 to 100 nanometers in diameter

Front 56

Describe sinusoid capillary:

Back 56

Lining of endothelial cells is incomplete around the lumen; basement membrane is incomplete or absent

Front 57

What passes through a continuous capillary?

Back 57

some leukocytes, plasma and its contents (except most proteins)

Front 58

What passes through a fenestrated capillary?

Back 58

Large amounts of materials are filtered, released or absorbed; some smaller proteins

Front 59

What passes through a sinusoid capillary?

Back 59

Large substances (formed elements, large plasma proteins, and plasma)

Front 60

List some locations of continuous capillaries:

Back 60

most capillaries are continuous
capillaries within muscles, skin, thymus, lungs, and central nervous system

Front 61

List some locations of fenestrated capillaries:

Back 61

small intestine for absorbing nutrients
ciliary process to produce aqueous humor
choroid plexus to produce cerebral spinal fluid in the brain
most endocrine glands, permit absorption of hormones into the blood
kidneys for filtering blood

Front 62

List some locations of sinusoid capillaries:

Back 62

bone marrow where formed elements enter the blood
liver and spleen where old erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and taken out of circulation
some endocrine glands such as the anterior pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid

Front 63

What kind of junctions secure endothelial cells together in continuous capillaries?

Back 63

tight junctions

Front 64

The gaps between endothelial cells of continuous capillaries are called:

Back 64

intercellular clefts

Front 65

What can fit between intercellular clefts of continuous capillaries?

Back 65

glucose, amino acids, ions

Front 66

What is another name for sinusoid capillaries?

Back 66

discontinuous capillaries

Front 67

Define the blood brain barrier

Back 67

modified continuous capillaries
have thickened basement membrane
no intercellular clefts

Front 68

What is a capillary bed

Back 68

a group of 10 to 100 capillaries functioning together

Front 69

what feeds a capillary bed?

Back 69

metarteriole, which is a branch of an arteriole

Front 70

The _____ part of a metarteriole is encircled by smooth muscle cells, and the _____ part has no smooth muscle cells

Back 70

proximal; distal

Front 71

what is the distal part of a metarteriole called?

Back 71

thoroughfare channel

Front 72

Do thoroughfare channels have smooth muscle cells?

Back 72

No

Front 73

The thoroughfare channel of a capillary bed connects to a _______

Back 73

postcapillary venule

Front 74

True capillaries branch from the ______

Back 74

thoroughfare channel

Front 75

What regulates blood flow into true capillaries?

Back 75

precapillary sphincters

Front 76

This makes up the bulk of a capillary bed

Back 76

true capillaries

Front 77

precapillary sphincters go through cycles of contracting and relaxing at a rate of about 5 - 10 cycles per minute. This cyclical process is called _____

Back 77

vasomotion

Front 78

vasomotion

Back 78

precapillary sphincters go through cycles of contracting and relaxing at a rate of about 5 - 10 cycles per minute.

Front 79

the specific amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue is called

Back 79

perfusion

Front 80

perfusion

Back 80

the specific amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue

Front 81

perfusion is typically expressed ______

Back 81

millimeters per minute per gram
mL/min/g

Front 82

____ are the smallest veins

Back 82

venules

Front 83

what is the range of size of venules?

Back 83

from 8-100 micrometers in diameter

Front 84

venules are companion vessels with _____

Back 84

arterioles

Front 85

What are the smallest venules?

Back 85

postcapillary venules

Front 86

What drains capillaries?

Back 86

post capillary venules

Front 87

do any venules have all three tunics?

Back 87

yes, the largest do

Front 88

What merges to form veins?

Back 88

venules

Front 89

a venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ______ micrometers

Back 89

100

Front 90

small and medium-sized veins are companion vessels with ______

Back 90

muscular arteries

Front 91

the largest veins are companion vessels with _____

Back 91

elastic arteries

Front 92

Is blood pressure in veins high enough to overcome the forces of gravity?

Back 92

no

Front 93

What characteristic do veins have that prevent blood from pooling in the limbs?

Back 93

valves

Front 94

Vein valves are formed primarily by ____ and strengthened by ______

Back 94

tunica intima
elastic and collagen fibers

Front 95

Valves have an anatomic structure similar to ______

Back 95

semilunar valves of the heart

Front 96

What are the percentages of blood in the pulmonary, cardiac, systemic circulation at rest?

Back 96

pulmonary = 18%
heart = 12%
systemic circulation = 70%
about 55% of systemic is in veins
about 10% of systemic is in arteries
about 5% in capillaries

Front 97

A modified vein that has very thin walls and no smooth muscle is referred to as a _____

Back 97

sinus

Front 98

What is a sinus?

Back 98

a modified vein that has very thin walls and no smooth muscle

Front 99

What are two examples of sinuses?

Back 99

coronary sinus and dural venous sinuses

Front 100

How does a vein serve as a blood reservoir?

Back 100

Vasoconstriction moves blood from the veins and into other parts of the circulation. Vasodilation of veins allows it to flow back into the veins as reserves

Front 101

What are the two ways blood vessels are arranged?

Back 101

simple pathway
alternative pathway

Front 102

_____ use one major artery, one capillary bed, and one major vein to deliver blood to a body region

Back 102

simple pathways

Front 103

Define simple pathways

Back 103

use one major artery, one capillary bed, and one major vein to deliver blood to a body region

Front 104

What two kinds of alternative pathways are there?

Back 104

anastomoses and portal systems

Front 105

Give an example of an organ with a simple pathway

Back 105

spleen
the splenic artery delivers oxygenated blood to the spleen with the exchange made in a capillary bed of the spleen, and a single splenic vein drains deoxygenated blood from the spleen

Front 106

Arteries that provide only one pathway through which blood can reach an organ are referred to as _____

Back 106

end arteries

Front 107

What are end arteries?

Back 107

Arteries that provide only one pathway through which blood can reach an organ

Front 108

What is the function of capillaries?

Back 108

To allow for the exchange of substances such as respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones between the blood and the surrounding tissues

Front 109

What are three exchange processes at capillaries?

Back 109

diffusion, vesicular transport, and bulk flow

Front 110

What substances are transported by diffusion through the capillaries?

Back 110

glucose, ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 111

What substances leave the capillaries by vesicular transport?

Back 111

insulin, fatty acids

Front 112

What is vesicular transport?

Back 112

endothelial cells use pinocytosis to fuse fluid-filled vesicles with the plasma membrane and transport their contents to and from blood and interstitial fluids

Front 113

What is bulk flow?

Back 113

the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient

Front 114

Filtration is a process that occurs at the _____ end of a capillary

Back 114

arterial

Front 115

_____ is the bulk flow of movement at the arterial end of a capillary through fenestrations or between intercellular clefts.

Back 115

Filtration

Front 116

_____ is the opposite of filtration and occurs at the _____ end of the capillary

Back 116

reabsorption; venous

Front 117

What are the two types of pressures at a capillary?

Back 117

hydrostatic in the blood and hydrostatic at the tissues

Front 118

What is BCOP?
is it an inward or outward force?

Back 118

blood colloid osmotic pressure
inward

Front 119

What is the outward force in bulk transport?
Inward?

Back 119

blood hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 120

What is the formula for net hydrostatic pressure?

Back 120

blood hydrostatic pressure in blood minus blood hydrostatic pressure in interstitial tissues

Front 121

What is the formula for net blood colloid osmotic pressure?

Back 121

colloid osmotic pressure in the blood minus colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial tissues

Front 122

How do you calculate net filtration pressure at a capillary during bulk flow?

Back 122

(HPblood - HPif)-(COPblood-COPif) = NFP
(35-0) - (26 - 5) = NFP
35 - 21 = 14 mmHg arterial end

Front 123

Define hydrostatic pressure

Back 123

the physical force exerted by a fluid on a structure
blood hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) is the force exerted per unit area by the blood as it presses against the vessel wall

Front 124

______ promotes filtration from a capillary

Back 124

blood hydrostatic pressure

Front 125

This is the force of the interstitial fluid on the external surface of the blood vessel

Back 125

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Front 126

What are the two forces regulating filtration and absorption at the capillary?

Back 126

hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

Front 127

Does osmosis push or pull water?

Back 127

pulls due to higher relative concentration of solutes

Front 128

_____ refers to the pull of water back into a tissue by the tissue's concentration of proteins (colloid)

Back 128

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

Front 129

_____ is the force that draws fluid back into the blood due to the proteins in the blood, such as albumin

Back 129

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 130

______ opposes hydrostatic pressure

Back 130

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 131

What is another term for blood colloid osmotic pressure?

Back 131

oncotic pressure

Front 132

what is another name for oncotic pressure?

Back 132

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 133

The NFP equation is a variation of ______

Back 133

Starling's Law

Front 134

What are the typical figures at an arterial end and venous end of a capillary?

Back 134

Arterial:
HPb = 35
HPif = 0
BCOPb = 26
BCOPif = 5 NFP: 14mmHg
Venous:
HPb = 16
HPif = 0
BCOPb = 26
BCOPif = 5 NFP: 5mmHg

Front 135

Is it possible for blood pressure to decrease to such a degree that capillary exchange ceases? Explain

Back 135

Yes
Not enough volume to facilitate pressure for filtration

Front 136

What are the three factors determining the amount of blood delivered to a specific organ or tissue?

Back 136

1 - the degree of vascularization of the tissue
2 - local regulatory factors that alter blood flow
3 - total blood flow

Front 137

______ determines the potential ability of blood delivery

Back 137

degree of vascularization

Front 138

The amount of vascularization in a given tissue may change over time through _____

Back 138

angiogenesis

Front 139

_____ is the formation of new blood vessels in tissues that require them

Back 139

angiogenesis

Front 140

When does angiogenesis occur?

Back 140

weight gain, aerobic exercise, in response to occlusions etc

Front 141

What is regression?

Back 141

The opposite of angiogenesis

Front 142

Formation of blood vessels within a tumor

Back 142

tumor angiogenesis

Front 143

_____ is the process by which a tissue itself regulates or controls its local blood flow in response to its changing metabolic needs

Back 143

autoregulation

Front 144

There is a negative feedback loop between elevated levels of ____, ____, ____, and ____, which act as vasodilators.

Back 144

K+, H+, carbon dioxide, lactic acid

Front 145

After temporary disruption in blood flow is returned and blood flow is restored, the marked increase in blood flow to the affected tissue is called _______

Back 145

reactive hyperemia

Front 146

_____ compensates for temporary lack of blood which is returned in order to get rid of the extra waste and bring extra nutrients

Back 146

reactive hyperemia

Front 147

When you return to a warm area after being in the cold and your cheeks are red is an example of

Back 147

reactive hyperemia

Front 148

These two vasochemicals are released in response to tissue trauma

Back 148

histamine and bradykinin

Front 149

_____ is a very powerful but short-lived vasodilator released from endothelial cells

Back 149

nitric oxide

Front 150

_____ is the amount of blood transported throughout the entire vasculature in a given period of time

Back 150

total blood flow

Front 151

_____ = cardiac output (term)

Back 151

total blood flow

Front 152

What is the average cardiac output?

Back 152

5.25 L/min

Front 153

Define blood pressure

Back 153

the force per unit area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel

Front 154

A _____ is the change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end

Back 154

blood pressure gradient

Front 155

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = _____

Back 155

pulse pressure

Front 156

systolic pressure occurs during ventricular _____ and diastolic pressure occurs during ventricular _____

Back 156

contraction; relaxation

Front 157

_____ is the additional pressure placed on the artery from when the heart is relaxing to when it is contracting

Back 157

pulse pressure

Front 158

What are the two values that can be calculated from systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

Back 158

pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure

Front 159

A possible consequence of an elevated MAP is _____

Back 159

cerebral edema

Front 160

Why does excess fluid remain in the interstitial fluids at the brain?

Back 160

there are no lymph vessels to help drain it

Front 161

MAP

Back 161

mean arterial pressure
average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries
MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3pulse pressure

Front 162

DVT

Back 162

deep vein thrombosis
blood clot (thrombus) in the vein

Front 163

The most serious complication of a DVT

Back 163

pulmonary embolus

Front 164

Is there a pulse pressure at capillaries?

Back 164

No, blood flow is smooth and even at the capillaries

Front 165

Is there a blood pressure in venules?

Back 165

No. Too far from the heart and not influenced by the pumping action of the heart

Front 166

Two ways venous return is aided to overcome low pressure:

Back 166

skeletal muscle pump within the limbs and respiratory pump within the torso (inhalation causes muscles to contract in the abdomen around the IVC)

Front 167

What causes vericose veins?

Back 167

Valves in the veins have become nonfunctional causing pooling and the veins to swell and bulge

Front 168

_____ is the amount of friction the blood experiences

Back 168

resistance

Front 169

______ is resistance in blood vessels

Back 169

peripheral resistance

Front 170

What increases peripheral resistance?

Back 170

viscosity, length of vessels; vessel radius

Front 171

the difference in flow rate within a blood vessel is called _____

Back 171

laminar flow

Front 172

The relationship between blood flow and radius

Back 172

F (is proportional to) r^4
in mm/sec

Front 173

vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles is controlled how?

Back 173

systemically by the sympathetic division of the ANS

Front 174

Mathematically express the relationship of blood pressure gradients and resistance:

Back 174

F (is proportional to) delta P/resistance
delta P = P1-P2 (pressure gradient)

Front 175

Is blood flow inversely or directly related to resistance?

Back 175

inversely
if resistance goes up, blood flow goes down

Front 176

Blood pressure is dependent on three primary variables:

Back 176

cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume

Front 177

The cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata receives signals from _____ and _____ in the _____ and the _____

Back 177

chemoreceptors; baroreceptors; aortic arch; carotid arteries

Front 178

How does the cardiovascular center regulate blood pressure?

Back 178

through motor output from sympathetic nerves and vagus nerves by adjusting cardiac output and peripheral resistance experienced by blood in blood vessels

Front 179

What are the three sub-centers of the cardiovascular center

Back 179

cardioacceleratory center;
cardioinhibitory center
vasomotor center

Front 180

vessels innervated by _____ fibers vasoconstrict

Back 180

adrenergic

Front 181

vessels innvervated by ______ fibers vasodilate

Back 181

cholinergic

Front 182

carotid and aortic bodies contain _____

Back 182

chemoreceptors

Front 183

where are baroreceptors?

Back 183

aortic arch and carotid sinus of external carotid

Front 184

The _____ regulates heart activity and thus cardiac output

Back 184

cardiac center

Front 185

The _____ controls the degree of vasoconstriction of blood vessels and thus regulates resistance

Back 185

vasomotor center

Front 186

sympathetic division pathways extend from the cardioacceleratory center to ______ and _____

Back 186

SA node; myocardium

Front 187

Increased sympathetic output from the cardioacceleratory center does what?

Back 187

increases heart rate and force of contraction, increasing cardiac output

Front 188

Parasympathetic division pathways extend from the cardioinhibitory center to _____ and _____

Back 188

SA node; AV node

Front 189

Increased parashympathetic motor output from the cardioinhibitory center does what?

Back 189

decreases heart rate and slows the conduction of electrical signals through the heart's conducting system, decreasing cardiac output

Front 190

vasomotor center:
sympathetic division pathways extend from the _____ to ______

Back 190

vasomotor center to the blood vessels

Front 191

What are the two primary receptors associated with the smooth muscle within the wall of vessels?

Back 191

alpha (a) receptors
beta (B) receptors

Front 192

Blood vessels containing a receptors _____ in response to sympathetic stimulation
what vessels have alpha receptors?

Back 192

contract
most vessels of the body

Front 193

blood vessels containing B receptors ______ in response to epinephrine (sympathetic) stimulation
What vessels have beta receptors?

Back 193

relax
vasodilation
skeletal muscle and coronary vessels

Front 194

Activation of the vasomotor center and increased nerve signals along sympathetic pathways cause ___, ___, and ___

Back 194

increased peripheral resistance
larger circulating blood volume
redistribution of blood flow

Front 195

_____ are specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to the stretch in blood vessel walls

Back 195

baroreceptors

Front 196

Where are the aortic arch and carotid sinus baroreceptors located

Back 196

tunica externa of the aortic arch
tunica externa of each internal carotid artery

Front 197

What nerve sends signals from aortic arch baroreceptors to the cardiovascular center?

Back 197

vagus nerve CNX

Front 198

the aortic arch transmits signals to the brain via _____ and the carotid sinuses transmit signals to the brain via _____

Back 198

vagus nerve CNX
glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Front 199

baroreceptors activate and initiate _____

Back 199

baroreceptor reflexes

Front 200

____ is chronically elevated blood pressure

Back 200

hypertension

Front 201

_____ is chronically low blood pressure

Back 201

hypotension

Front 202

_____ is a drop in blood pressure when a person suddenly changes position

Back 202

orthostatic hypotension

Front 203

primary function of chemoreceptors; secondary?

Back 203

regulating respiration
regulating bp

Front 204

result of chemoreceptor stimulation

Back 204

chemoreceptor reflexes

Front 205

The two main peripheral chemorecptors are:

Back 205

aortic bodies; carotid body

Front 206

chemoreceptors primarily stimulates _____

Back 206

vasomotor centers

Front 207

The _____ alters blood pressure in response to emotion

Back 207

limbic center

Front 208

What hormones participate in regulating hormones?

Back 208

epinephrine and norepinephrine
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 209

This straddles short-term neural bp regulation and long-term hormonal regulation

Back 209

renin-angiotensin system

Front 210

what hormone is associated with the renin-angiotensin system?

Back 210

angiotensin II

Front 211

Why is angiotensin II involved in both neural and hormonal bp regulation?

Back 211

it is initiated by the nervous system and it causes the release of other long term hormones

Front 212

_____ is an inactive hormone produced by the liver and secreted into the blood. It is converted to ______ by ____, an enzyme released by the kidney in response to low BP at the kidney. It is then converted to ______ by ______, which is an enzyme associated with the capillary endothelium (mostly in the lungs)

Back 212

angiotensinogen
angiotensin I; renin
angiotensin II; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Front 213

What three things does angiotensin II do to increase blood pressure?

Back 213

causes vasoconstriction
stimulates the thirst center
decreases urnin formation

Front 214

When is aldosterone released? From where? What does it do?

Back 214

Released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II. It increases absorption of NA+ and water in the kidney, decreasing their loss in the urine.

Front 215

_____ is released from the atrium of the heart in response to increase blood volume

Back 215

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 216

What is the net effect of the release of ANP?
How?

Back 216

decrease in blood pressure
ANP stimulates vasodilation, which decreases resistance and increases urine output, which decreases blood volume

Front 217

Three primary factors influence blood pressure:

Back 217

cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood volume

Front 218

The rate of blood transported per unit time

Back 218

blood flow velocity

Front 219

What is the pulmonary circulation responsible for?

Back 219

carrying deoxygenated blood from the R heart to the lungs then returning oxygenated blood to the L heart