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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lipid bilayer is made up of...
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phospholipids,
cholesterol and glycolipids |
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What are the 4 membrane proteins?
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Integral proteins-extend into or through the lipid bilayer
Transmembrane proteins-integral proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer Peripheral proteins -attached to the inner Peripheral proteins -attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane, do not extend through it Glycoproteins-membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid |
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Ribosomes
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Synthesize proteins
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Rough ER
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synthesizes proteins (ribosomes), storage, transport
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Smooth ER
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steroid/lipid processing. detoxify certain drugs
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Golgi Apparatus
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modify, sort, and package proteins
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Lysosomes
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digest substances
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Mitochondria
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the "power house" of the cell
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What are the stages of Mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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Cell death from tissue injury
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Necrosis
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4 types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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5 types of cell junctions
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Tight junctions
Adherens junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions |
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Tight Junctions
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Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins.Seal off passageways between
adjacent cells. Common in epithelial tissues of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. |
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Adherens junctions
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Dense layer of proteins called plaque.Resist separation during contractile activities
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Desmosomes
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Contain plaque and cadherinsthat extends into the intercellular
space to attach adjacent cells together. Prevent separation of epidermal cells under tension and cardiac muscles cells during contraction |
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Hemidesmosomes
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Resemble half of a desmosome.
anchor cells to the basement membrane. Contains integrins |
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Gap junctions
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Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons. Communication of cells in a tissue.
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Pseudostratified epithelium
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Appear to have multiple layers
because cell nuclei at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface |
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Stratified epithelium
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>1 layers of cells. protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear
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cell shape: Squamous
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Function: allows for rapid passage of
substancessubstances |
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Cell shape: Cuboidal
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Function: in secretion or absorption
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Cell shape: Columnar
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Function: secretion AND absorption
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Cell shape: Transitional
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cells change shape from flat to cuboidal. ex. urinary bladder
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Epithelia: Simple Squamus
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description: single layer of flattened cells
function: diffusion and filtration where protection is NOT important. secretes lubricating substances in serosae location: kidney, air sacs of the lungs |
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Epithelia: Simple cuboidal
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description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei function:Secretion and absorption location:Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface |
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Epithelia: Simple columnar
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description:
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus- secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells) function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) location: Nonciliated: lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of someglands Ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regionsof the uterus. |
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Epithelia: Pseudostratified columnar
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description:
Single layer of cells of differing heights some not reaching the free surface nuclei seen at different levels may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia function: 1. Secretion, particularly of mucus 2. propulsion of mucus by ciliaryaction location: Nonciliated-sperm-carrying ducts -ducts of large glands ciliated-lines the trachea -most of the upper respiratory tract |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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description:Several cell layers, flat in the apical layer
function:protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion location: vagina |
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
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description: fairly rare type of epithelium
function:protection location: Esophagus |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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description: very uncommon. basale layers has shorten, irregular shaped cells
function: protection and secretion location: Esophagus |
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Transitional Epithelium
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description: relaxed state: cells appear cuboidal. Strechedstate: cells become flattened and appear squamous
function: Ideal for hollow structure subjected to expansion location:Found only in the urinary system |
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Endocrine Glands
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Ductless glands. Secrete hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream. Function in maintaining homeostasis
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Exocrine Glands
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More numerous than endocrine glands. Secrete products into ducts. Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
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Unicellular Exocrine Glands
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the only important one is the Goblet Cell
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands
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are composed of a duct and a secretory unit. Are classified by their Duct type and by the structure of their secretory units.
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What are the three modes of secretion of exocrine glands?
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Merocrine: exocytosis (ex. pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)
Apocrine: portion of cell pinched off (ex. mammory glands) Holocrine: whole cell scarifies itself. |
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Connective tissue
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most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body
function: Binds tissues together. Supports and strengthen tissue. Supports and strengthen tissue. Protects and insulates internal organs. Compartmentalize and transport. Energy reserves immune responses |
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Connective Tissue Cells are..
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Fibroblasts-Secrete fibers and components of ground substance
Adipocytes (fat cells)-Store triglycerides (fat) Mast cells-Produce histamine White blood cells-Immune response. Macrophages-Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis Plasma cells-Secrete antibodies |
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Loose connective tissue (3)
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Areolar, adipose, and reticular
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Dense connective tissue (3)
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Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
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Cartilage (3)
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Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
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Loose connective tissue: Areolar
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Most widely distributed in the body. Contains several types of cells and all three fibers
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Loose connective tissue: adipose
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Contains adipocytes. Good for insulation and energy reserves. White (common) and brown adipose tissue.
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Loose connective tissue: reticular
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Fine, interlacing reticular fibers and cells. Forms the stromaof liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
Function: fibers form soft internal skeleton to support other cell types |
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Dense connective tissue: Dense regular
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Primarily parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers.
Fibroblast major cell type. Tendons, most ligaments Function: attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones |
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Dense connective tissue: dense irregular
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Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged. Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions.
Dermis of skin and heart |
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Dense connective tissue: elastic
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Contain branching elastic fibers. Strong, can recoil to original shape after stretching. Lung tissue and arteries
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Cartilage.
3 types: |
dense network of collagen and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitinsulfate.
Hyaline, Fibrocartilageand Elastic |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Most abundant cartilage in the body. Surrounding by perichondrium(some exceptions like
articularcartilage) Functions: Provide flexibility and support, reduces friction |
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Fibrocartilageand Cartilage
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Chondrocytesare scattered among bundles of collagen
fibers within the extracellular matrix.No perchondrium. Strongest type of cartilage. Found in intervertebral disc (between vertebrae) |
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Elastic Cartilage
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Chrondrocyteswithin a threadlike network of elastic fibers. Pericondriumis present
Function: Provides strength and elasticity |
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Bone Tissue
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Bones are organs of several different connective
tissues: bone (osseous) tissue, periosteum, and endosteum. Compact or spongy. |
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What are the 4 types of membranes?
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mucous. serous. skin. synovial.
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Mucous membranes
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Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Epithelial layer is important for the body’s defense against pathogens
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Serous membranes
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Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the
exterior. Covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Consist of areolarconnective tissue covered by mesothelium(simple squamousepithelium) that secrete a serous fluid for lubricationsecrete a serous fluid for lubrication |
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Muscular tissue, classified in 3 types..
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Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Nervous tissue
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Consists of two principle types of cells: Neurons or nerve cells, Neuroglia-supportive cells
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Steps in tissue repair
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1. inflammation. 2. Organization and restored blood supply. 3. Regeneration and fibrosis
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skeletal muscular tissue
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Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion Location: In skeletal muscles In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. |
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cardiac muscular tissue
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Description:Branching,
striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitateat specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary controlcirculation; involuntary control Location:The walls of the heart |
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smooth muscular tissue
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Description:Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passage- ways; involuntary control. Smooth muscle cell Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs |
