A&p Exam 1

Front 1

Chromosome

Back 1

Strand of DNA associated with many proteins and thousands of genes

Front 2

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 2

Sea of fluid lipids containing mosaic of proteins

Front 3

Lipid Bilayer Composition?

Back 3

-75% Phospholipid
-20% Cholesterol
-5% Glycolipid

Front 4

Amphipathic

Back 4

Having both polar and nonpolar ends

Front 5

Each lipid has 2 _______

Back 5

non polar fatty acid tails

Front 6

Integral Proteins (3)

Back 6

-Mostly Transmembrane proteins
-Tightly Embedded
-Amphipathic

Front 7

Peripheral Proteins (2)

Back 7

-Loosely Embedded
-Dwell at inner or outer surface

Front 8

GlycoProteins (1)

Back 8

Has Carbohydrate Groups attached at the ends

Front 9

Carbohydrates of GlycoProteins (2)

Back 9

-Called Oligosaccharides
-Has Glycocalyx which allows for cell recognition

Front 10

Ion Channels

Back 10

Pores that allow passing of specific Ion

Front 11

Transporters

Back 11

Moves Polar substances in or out of cell

Front 12

Receptors

Back 12

Recognition sites for specific molecules

Front 13

Ligand

Back 13

Specific molecule that binds to Receptor Protein

Front 14

Linkers

Back 14

Anchors proteins into other cells

Front 15

Functions of GlycoProteins & Glycolipids

Back 15

- Cell ID Marker to mark neighboring cells or dangerous cells

i.e ABO blood cell marker

Front 16

Functions of Peripheral Proteins (3)

Back 16

-Supports plasma Membrane
-Moves materials In & Out
-Changes cell shape

Front 17

Membrane Fluidity Factors

Back 17

- Number of Double Bonds in fatty acid
- Amount of Cholesterol

Front 18

Effect of more double bonds in Fatty Acid Tails

Back 18

More Fluid due to reduced packing

Front 19

Effect of Cholesterol on Membrane Fluidity

Back 19

Higher temp - Less Fluid
Lower temp - More Fluid

Front 20

Membrane Permeable Molecules

Back 20

O2
N2
CO2
Steroids
Vitamins AEDK
Small Alcohols
NH3

Front 21

Non Membrane Permeable

Back 21

K+
Na+
Cl-
H+
Glucose

Front 22

Semi Membrane Permeable

Back 22

Water & Urea

Front 23

More Na+ & O2

Back 23

Concentrated Outside the Cell

Front 24

More K+ and CO2

Back 24

Concentrated inside the cell

Front 25

Charge of Inner membrane

Back 25

Negative Charge of Membrane

Front 26

Charge of Outer Membrane

Back 26

Positive Charge of Membrane

Front 27

Electrical Gradient

Back 27

Electrical Difference across Plasma Membrane

Front 28

Membrane Potential

Back 28

Potential energy of Ions across Membrane

Front 29

ElectroChemical Gradient

Back 29

Membrane potential on one particular Ion

Front 30

Factors on Speed of Passive Diffusion

Back 30

-Surface Area
-Diffusion Distance
-Steepness of Concentration
-Temperature

Front 31

Aquaporins

Back 31

Membrane protein for Water

Front 32

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 32

Pressure of water on membrane of Higher side

Front 33

Lysis

Back 33

Bursting of cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution

Front 34

Crenation

Back 34

Shrinking of cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution

Front 35

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 35

Solute Binds & is released on other side once Transporter changes shape

Front 36

Transport Maximum

Back 36

When Facilitated transport has reached saturation

Front 37

Energy expense of Primary Active Transport

Back 37

40% of cellular energy is used

Front 38

Trigger of Sodium Potassium Pump

Back 38

Phosphate group from ATP

Front 39

Secondary Active transport

Back 39

Uses Electrochemical Gradient to transport other substances

Front 40

Symporters

Back 40

Transports 2 substances to the same side

i.e Na+&Glucose Na+&Amino Acid

Front 41

Antiporters

Back 41

Transports 2 substances to opposite side

i.e Na+&H+ Na+&Ca2+

Front 42

Endocytosis

Back 42

Movement of Material into a cell via Vesicle

Front 43

Exocytosis

Back 43

Movement of Material out of cell via Vesicle

Front 44

Clatherin

Back 44

Protein used to fold vescicle

Front 45

Phagocytosis

Back 45

Form of endocytosis where cell engulfs a large solid particle

Front 46

Phagocytes

Back 46

Large Eater Cells

i.e MacroPhages & nutrophils

Front 47

Pseudopods

Back 47

Projections of Cellular membrane to form phagosome

Front 48

Phagosome

Back 48

A type of vesicle used formed by pseudopods

Front 49

Pinocytosis

Back 49

When drop of ECF enters and pinches off

Front 50

Types of cells that rely on exocytosis (2)

Back 50

- Secretory Cells releasing Digestive enzymes, mucus, hormones etc

- Nerve cells releasing neurotransmitters

Front 51

Transcytosis

Back 51

Endocytosis on one side then Exocytosis on the other side

Front 52

Components of Cytoskeloton

Back 52

Microfilament
Intermediate Filament
Micro Tubule

Front 53

Makes Microfilament

Back 53

Actin

Front 54

Makes Micro Tubule

Back 54

Tubulin

Front 55

Centrosome

Back 55

Creates mitotic Spindles during Mitosis

Front 56

Cilia

Back 56

Moves fluid along cell surface

Front 57

Flagella

Back 57

Moves the entire cell

Front 58

Ribosome components and purpose

Back 58

-RNA and ribosomal proteins
-Protein Synthesis

Front 59

Rough ER

Back 59

Studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis

Front 60

Smooth ER (3)

Back 60

-Lacks ribosomes
-Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
-Detoxifies drugs

Front 61

Golgi

Back 61

-Consists of Cisternae
-modify, sort, and pack proteins for vesicles

Front 62

Lysosome

Back 62

Membrane enclosed organelle that contains digestive enzymes

Front 63

Autophagy

Back 63

Digestion of worn out organelles

Front 64

Autolysis

Back 64

Digestion of host cell

Front 65

Peroxisome

Back 65

Contains Oxidases that oxidize amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances

Front 66

Proteasome

Back 66

Contains Protease to break down faulty proteins

Front 67

Mitochondria

Back 67

Consists of outer membrane and inner membrane called cristae

Generates cellular ATP

Front 68

Nucleoli

Back 68

Porduces Ribosomes

Front 69

Genome

Back 69

Total genetic information carried in an organism

Front 70

Nucleosome

Back 70

Bead consisting of Double strand DNA wrapped twice around a Histone

Front 71

Histone

Back 71

Core of 8 proteins in a Nucleosome which helps to organize folding of DNA

Front 72

Linker DNA

Back 72

DNA between nucleosomes

Front 73

Proteome

Back 73

All of an organism's proteins

Front 74

Base triplet

Back 74

Genetic information of DNA and RNA in sets of 3s

Front 75

Codon

Back 75

Complementary sequence of a Base Triplet

Front 76

Genetic Code

Back 76

Set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to corresponding codons

Front 77

mRNA

Back 77

Directs synthesis of Protein

Front 78

rRna

Back 78

Joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

Front 79

tRNA

Back 79

binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until its incorporated into a protein

Front 80

Anticodon

Back 80

Nucleotide triplet on other side of tRNA

Front 81

RNA Polymerase

Back 81

Catalyzes transcription

Front 82

Promoter

Back 82

Special nucleotide sequence located to show beginning of a gene.

Front 83

Terminator

Back 83

Special nucleotide sequence signaling end of gene

Front 84

Introns

Back 84

Regions within a gene that DOES NOT code for proteins

Front 85

Exons

Back 85

Regions within a gene that DOES code for proteins

Front 86

pre-mRNA

Back 86

the mRNA with both introns and exons

Front 87

Small Nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Back 87

Removes Introns from pre-mRNA, then passes mRNA through nuclear pore

Front 88

Alternative Splicing of mRNA

Back 88

Process where pre-mRNA is spliced in different ways to produce many different mRNAs

Front 89

Somatic Cell

Back 89

Any cell of the body besides a Germ cell

Front 90

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 90

The two chromosomes that make up a pair.

Front 91

Interphase

Back 91

Consists of G1, S and G2 phases

Front 92

G1 Phase

Back 92

Phase where cell duplicates organelles and centrosomes

Front 93

S phase

Back 93

Phase where Cell is committed to Replicate and DNA replication takes place

Front 94

G2 Phase

Back 94

Phase where proteins and enzymes are synthesized and centrosome replication is complete

Front 95

G0 Phase

Back 95

Cells that are in G1 for too long and are destined to never divide again

Front 96

Prophase (2)

Back 96

-Phase where Chromatin fibers condense and become visible.

-Mitotic spindle forms

Front 97

Centromere

Back 97

Constricted region that holds chromatid pairs together

Front 98

Kinetochore

Back 98

Protein complex outside of each centromere

Front 99

Metaphase

Back 99

Phase where Microtubules align centromeres at center called Metaphase Plate

Front 100

Anaphase

Back 100

Phase where Centromeres are pulled apart by Mitotic spindle and are now chromasomes

Front 101

Telophase

Back 101

Final stage of mitosis when mitotic spindle breaks up

Front 102

Cytokinesis (2)

Back 102

-Division of cell's cytoplasm and organells

-Formation of Cleavage Furrow

Front 103

Aptosis

Back 103

Genetically programmed death for a cell

Front 104

Necrosis

Back 104

Pathological type of cell death

Front 105

Synapsis

Back 105

Crossing over of Genes

Front 106

Telomeres

Back 106

DNA sequences found at tips of chromosomes, shortened after each division, causing aging and death