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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four elements that make up the majority of living matter?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
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What is the chemical reaction of an element with a completely filled valence shell?
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Is chemically unreactive
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Define IONIC bonds.
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Ionic bonds are formed when an atom loses or gains a valence electron; the kind of bond that is formed by table salt (NaCl) from sodium and chloride.
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How is a COVALENT bond formed?
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Covalent bonds are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons. It is the strongest chemical bond.
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What is a NONPOLAR COVALENT bond?
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Covalent bonds that share the electrons
equally. |
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How is a POLAR COVALENT bond formed?
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Polar covalent bonds are formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
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What element is known as an electronegative element?
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Carbon
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In a solution of water molecules (H2O), how many potential hydrogen bonds could be formed between a specific water molecule and the other water molecules?
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Four
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What contains potential energy?
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ATP and water behind a dam.
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What contains kinetic energy?
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Water flowing through a flood gate
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Define an EXERGONIC reaction.
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Release of energy by breaking a bond with more energy than the one being formed, usually in the form of heat
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Define a ENDOGONIC reaction.
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A reaction that requires energy to be added, usually in the form of ATP, to form a bond.
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What part of an atom participates in the formation of chemical bonds?
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Electrons
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What is the sum of an element's protons and neutrons known as?
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Mass Number
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How do catalysts speed up chemical reactions?
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By reducing the required activation energy.
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What is the most abundant inorganic compound in living matter?
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Water
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Chemically, what are a mole, acid, base, and salt?
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a. Mole- the name for the number of atoms in an atomic weight of that
element. b. Acid- substance that gives Hydrogen ions when dissolved in water c. Base- substance that gives hydroxide (OH) when dissolved in water. d. Salt- results when an acid reacts with a base, both are neutralized. |
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What is the concentration of HYDROXYL (OH^-) ions in a solution with a pH of 5?
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10^-9 moles/liter
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What is the concentration of HYDROGEN ions in a solution with a pH of 5?
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10^-5 moles/liter
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What would the pH of a concentrated solution of NaCl most likely be?
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pH of 7
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What are the monomers for:
1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein 3. Nucleic Acid |
1. Carbohydrate- Monoshaccharides
2. Protein- Amino Acids 3. Nucleic Acid- Nucelotides |
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T/F: Buffers convert weak acids and bases into strong acids and bases.
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False, buffers convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases.
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Define lipids.
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Lipids are hydrophobic, sometimes contain fatty acid chains, some are used for energy storage, and include steroids, phospholipids, and fats.
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What type of lipids most likely contain a hydrophilic component?
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Phospholipid
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What does the N-C-C structure of an amino acid refer to?
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Nitrogen- Carbon- Carbon
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Give an example of PROTEIN DENATURATION.
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An egg white turning solid upon cooking.
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On the basis of their chemical structure, explain the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat.
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Saturated fat contains the maximum amount of hydrogen bonds possible and no double bonds, while unsaturated fat may contain multiple double bonds.
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What is a HYDROGEN bond?
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Hydrogen bonds Weak interactions between hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms like oxygen and sulfur; they hold together the two strands of a DNA molecule.
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Which molecules contain a phosphate group?
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Phospholipids, ATP, ADP, and Nucelotides
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Where is the DNA molecule that contains our genetic code found?
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Nucleus
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What types of RNA are used during the process of protein synthesis?
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messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
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When a DNA template is used to produce a messenger RNA, the following sequence of bases on the DNA (TGCACCGGAA) would result in what sequence in the RNA?
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UGCACCGGAA
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What is the building block of the macromolecule STARCH?
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Simple Sugar
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What is the building block of the marcromolecule ENZYME PROTEIN?
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Amino Acid
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What is the building block of the macromolecule DNA?
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Deoxyribonucleotide
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What is the building block of the macromolecule RNA?
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Ribonucleotide
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What is the building block of the macromolecule CARBOHYDRATE?
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Simple Sugar
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What occurs during TRANSLATION?
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Protein synthesis
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What occurs during REPLICATION?
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Synthesis of DNA during cell cylcle
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What occurs during TRANSCRIPTION?
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Production of a messenger RNA
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What type of transportation requires ATP?
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Active transport and Sodium-Potassium pump
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Name the components (4) of the plasma membrane and their function.
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1. Phospholipids: form a lipid bilayer
2. Integral Proteins: extend into or through the bilayer 3. Transmembrane Proteins: span the entire lipid bilayer 4. Peripheral Proteins: attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane |
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If a red blood cell were placed in a beaker containing a hypotonic solution, in which direction would the water flow?
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From cell to the solution in the beaker outside the cell
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When receiving an intravenous solution of saline, the saline solution should be _______ to your blood.
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Isotonic
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Describe the MITOCHONDRIA
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"powerhouse" of the cell, generates most of the ATP produced in the cell, contains its own DNA which is inherited from the mother.
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What determines the location of an amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain?
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3-base code on the mRNA
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What do the homologous chromosomes do during metaphase of mitosis?
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They line up in pairs with their homolog.
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How many chromosomes do humans contain and what is the haploid number?
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Humans contain 46 chromosomes; the haploid number is 23.
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What happens to the cell during interphase?
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The cell is NOT divide, it is diploid, and its DNA is replicating.
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What is the product of MITOSIS?
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2 identical cells
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How many SISTER CHROMATIDS does a human cell has during metaphase of MITOSIS?
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92 sister chromatids.
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What do chromosomes do during metaphase I of MEIOSIS?
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They line up in pairs with their homolog.
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What do chromosomes do during metaphase II of MEIOSIS?
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They line up in a single file.
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Define MITOSIS, what is its final product?
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Cell division, ending up with two identical cells, each with both pairs of gene, they line up in single file, through the centromeres, in the center. Results in two identical cells.
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Define MEIOSIS, what is its final product?
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Reproductive cell division that occurs in the ovaries and testes, that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
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Give a description of CENTRIOLES.
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Centrioles are involved in cellular division.
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Give a description of CYTOSKELETONS.
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Cytoskeletons aid in movement of material in and out of cells and provides structural support for the cell.
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Give a description of the ROUGH ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM.
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The rough E.R. is studded with ribosomes and produces various proteins.
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Give a description of the SMOOTH ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM.
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The smooth E.R. synthesizes fatty acids and steroids and detoxifies certain drugs.
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Give a description of the GOLGI APPARATUS.
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The golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transportation to different destinations.
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Give a description of LYSOSOMES.
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Lysosomes form from golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes.
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Give a description of PEROXISOMES.
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Peroxisomes detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol; they're smaller than lysosomes.
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Give a description of PROTEASOMES.
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Proteasomes continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins; found in cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Give a description of RIBOSOMES.
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site of protein synthesis.
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Give a description of the NUCLEUS.
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The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material.
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How many autosomes does a human SOMATIC CELL contain?
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44
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How many autosomes does a human GAMETE contain?
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22
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Which chromosome defines males from females?
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Males have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome. Females have 2 X chromosomes.
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What are some of the major contributors to genetic variation within the human population?
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Independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization.
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What causes trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)?
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A nondisjunction during MEIOSIS.
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Someone with type O blood can receive from who? Type A blood? Type B blood? Type AB blood?
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People with type O blood can only receive transfusions from other type O blood carriers.
Type A blood can receive type O and A blood. Type B blood can receive type O and B blood. Type AB blood can receive type O, A, B, and AB blood. |
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What is PLEIOTROPHY?
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Single gene produces multiple traits; sickle cell anemia.
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Define Incomplete Dominance.
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Occurs when the alleles that have been received by parents are neither dominant nor recessive, but combine together and make a physical trait that is somewhere in between the two traits.
E.g. red rose+ white rose= pink rose. |
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Define Codominance.
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Dominant and recessive traits appear together in the phenotype.
E.g. red rose+ white rose= red and white spotted rose. |
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T/F: At the molecular level, the sickle cell allele and non-sickle cell allele are dominant.
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False; both alleles are co-dominant.
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T/F: The number or molecules in a mole of common table salt (NaCl) equals the number of molecules in a mole of estradiol.
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True
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T/F: Five-carbon sugars are used in nucleic acids.
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True
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