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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christian humanists of the late 1400s urged reform on the pattern of the early Church primarily through (2 areas)
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educational and social reform
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people valued early Church because
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it reprenseted a golden age
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first even to damage church's prestige
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papal conflict with German emperor Frederick II in 13th century
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second event to damage church's prestige
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Babylonian Captivity
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third event to damage church's prestige
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Great Schism
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in the 14th and 15th centuries, leaders of Conciliar movement called for reform in
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head and memebers
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condemned absurd superstitions of clergy and excessive rituals of monks
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Erasmus' Praise of Folly
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criticized corrupt church
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Chaucer and Boccaccio
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in early 16th century, critics concentrated attacks on 3 disorders:
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clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism, with the related problem of absenteeism
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people placed emphasis on
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moral and administrative reform
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bishops casually enforced regulations regarding education of priests, leading to (3 things)
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A.standards for ordination shockingly low
B.Many barely literate priests C.Priests throughout Europe not as educated as educated laity |
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95 Theses criticized two things:
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indulgences and papal wealth
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were established by prosperous burghers in many late medieval towns because of irregular and poor quality sermons
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preacherships
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it expresses the spirituality of the Brethren of the Common Life. It urges Christians to take Christ as their model and seek perfection in a simple way of life. It also stresses the centrality of the Scriptures in spiritual life.
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The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis
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essay in which Luther said that unless princes destroyed papal power in Germany, reform was impossible. He urged the princes to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth and to abolish indulgences, dispensations, pardons, and clerical celibacy. He told them that it was their public duty to bring about the moral reform of the church.
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Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
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This embodied Calvin’s ideas, including a belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity
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The Institutes of the Christian Religion
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Founded by German Augustinian friar Martin Luther in the 16th century, it launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany, which ultimately proved a political disaster for the country
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Lutheranism
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Religion that stressed that salvation came not through external observances and penances, but through a simple faith in Christ
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Lutheranism
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often called the organizer of Protestantism
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John Calvin
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He did not ascribe free will to human beings because that would detract from the sovereignty of God. Men and women cannot actively work to achieve salvation; rather, God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved or damned (predestination).
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Calvin
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Were confident that God had saved them
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Calvinists
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They believed only a few would receive the inner light.
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Anabaptists
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Established by John Knox
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Presbyterian Church of Scotland
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The church was strictly Calvinist in doctrine, adopted a simple and dignified service of worship, and laid great emphasis on preaching
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Presbyterian Church of Scotland
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These were a group of common lay people in Holland, beginning in the late 14th century, that lived in stark simplicity while carrying out the Gospel. They taught in local schools with the goal of preparing devout candidates for the priesthood and the monastic life. They sought to make religion a personal, inner experience through prayer, meditation, and careful study of the Scriptures.
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Brethren of the Common Life
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He dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. He set to work reforming the church, determined the structure the Scottish church after the model of Calvin’s Geneva.
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John Knox
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He persuaded the Scottish parliament to enact legislation ending papal authority. Mass was abolished and attendance to it forbidden under the penalty of death.
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John Knox
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He promised two German cardinals that if he was elected pope, he would summon a council, the Council of Trent
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Pope Paul II
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He appointed several learned and reform-minded men as cardinals and established the Inquisition in the papal states
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Pope Paul II
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He simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the first Book of Common Prayer, which included, together with the Pslater, the order for all services of the Church of England.
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Archbishop Cranmer
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by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences, he mounted an advertising blitz. He told people they could buy indulgences for deceased loved ones, and drew up a specific chart for the costs of forgiveness for particular sins.
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John Tetzel
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entered a monastery after promising God that he would become a friar if he lived through a terrible storm.
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Luther
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His conscious troubled him constantly for years until his professor directed him to the study of Saint Paul’s letters, and he came to the belief that salvation came through simple faith in Christ, not observances and penance.
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Luther
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She founded the Ursuline order of nuns, which attained enormous prestige for the education of women. She established the Ursuline order to combat heresy through Christian education. The first women’s religious order concentrating exclusively on teaching young girls, the Ursulines sought to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers.
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Angela Merici
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Resulted in a complete break with Rome
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Henry VIII's divorce became enmeshed with political issues
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Hnery VIII secured a dispensation from him eliminating all legal technicalities about Catherine’s previous union with his brother
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Pope Julius II
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would not grant annulment to Henry VIII
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Pope Clement VII
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dissolved the English monasteries because he wanted their wealth, ending 900 years of monastic life, dispersing the monks and nuns, and confiscating their lands.
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Henry VII
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He held his first diet (assembly of the Estates of the empire) at Worms, Germany in response to the uproar over Luther’s theses and the church’s condemnation of them. He summoned Luther to appear before it and ordered him to recant, but he refused.
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Charles V
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He inherited Spain from his mother, Joanna; and Habsburg lands in Austria, southern Germany, the Low Countries, and Franche-Comte from his father. His inheritance was an incredibly diverse collection of states and people, each governed in a different manner and held together only by the person of the emperor.
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Charles V
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He believed he was set on the path toward world monarchy and that it was his duty to maintain the political and religious unity of western Christendom. In this respect he was the last medieval emperor.
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Charles V
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Her brief reign witnessed a sharp move back to Catholicism. A devoutly Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, she rescinded the Reformation legislation of her father’s reign and fully restored Roman Catholicism.
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Mary Tudor
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She married her cousin Philip of Spain, son of Charles V and persecuted several hundred Protestants, two acts that alienated her subjects.
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Mary Tudor
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a Spanish pope who publicly acknowledged his mistress and children.
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Pope Alexander VI (Alexander Borgia)
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It was called to reform the church andto secure reconciliation with the Protestants.
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Council of Trent
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involved Catholic efforts to convince or coerce dissidents or heretics to return to the church lest they corrupt the entire community of Catholic believers.
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counter-reformation
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chose a middle course between Catholic and Puritan extremes. She insisted on dignity in church services and political order in the land. She did not care what people thought as long as they kept quiet about it.
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Elizabeth (Elizabethan Settlement)
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the Act declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy, thus establishing the Crown as the highest legal authority in the land.
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Act in Restraint of Appeals
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recognized Lutheranism. Each prince was permitted to determine the religion of his territory. Most of Northern and Central Germany became Lutheran, while the South remained Roman Catholic. There was no freedom of religion, however. Princes or town council established state churches to which all subjects of the area had to belong. Dissidents, whether Lutheran or Catholic, had to leave. (ruler and act)
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Charles V: Peace of Augsburg
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council summoned by Pope Julius II to reform the church
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Lateran Council
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Luther excommunicated and declared an outlaw by him at Worms
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Charles V
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embodied basic theological tenets of Protestantism
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Confession of Augsburg
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stated that religious authority rests with Bible
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Luther
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believed the church consisted of entire community of Christian believers
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Luther
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believed all work was sacred and everyone should serve God in his own way
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Luther
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his ideas had a vast following among all social classes
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Luther
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his ideas attracted many preachers who became Protestant leaders
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Luther
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Luther did not support their revolt because he believed in obedience to civil authority; supportes them instead
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peasants; nobles
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peasants cited his theology as part of their demands for economic reforms
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Luther
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wanted to become Lutheran to get social freedom because Luther taught that Christians were freest of all men
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peasants
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this class paid for the land the church owned, but had no privileges
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middle
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his idea to cast out Catholicism meant money for middle class
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Luther
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his greatest weapon was his mastery of language; words spread by advent of printing
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Luther
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2 men greatly influenced by Luther's writings
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Zaingli and Calvin
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democratized religion (everyone able to understand it)
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Luther's publication of the German translation of the NT
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enabled people to remember central points of Lutheran doctrine
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catechisms and hymns
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gave each of the deven electors virtual sovereignty
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The Golden Bull of 1356
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allowed German nobility to strengthen their territories and reduce the authority of the emperor
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localism and chronic disorder
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France supported Protestant German princes (fought Catholicism) in fight against Habsburg Empire because
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it wanted Burgundy
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ruled empire divided into 7 separate regions that governed themselves (no centralization)
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seven electors
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seven electors answered to
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HRE Max of Habsburg
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event gave unity to much of Europe
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marriage of Maximilian I of Austria an Mary of Burgundy
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committed to idea of Germany's religious and political unity - wanted everyone Catholic and wanted territory unified under HRE
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Charles V
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stirred nationalistic feelings in Germnay against wealthy Italian papacy
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Protestant Reformation in Germany
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Luther's appeal to patriotism earned him the support of German princes because
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they used religion as a means of gaining more political independence and preventing the flow of German money to Rome
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The Protestant movement was __ for Germany
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a political disaster
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advanced the cause of Protestantism and promoted the political fragmentation of Germany
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H-V wars
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ended H-V war
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Peace of Augsburg
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North half of Europe mostly __; South mostly __
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Lutheran; Catholic
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caused Geneva to become "a city that was a church" (a theocracy), in which the state was subordiante to the church
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Calvinism
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Calvin's central ideas, belief in omnipotence of God, insignificance of humanity, and predestination, expressed in
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The Institutes of Christian religion
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believed in predestination
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Calvinism
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monitored the private morals of its citizens
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Genevan Consistory (Calvinist)
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burned at the stake in Geneva for denying the Christian dogma o the Trinity and rejecting child baptism
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Michael Servetus
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said you could choose to accept or reject faith
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Ananbaptists
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said you could only reject faith if God chose it for you
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Calvinists
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their beliefs and practices were too radicale for their times, and they were bitterly persecuted by other Protestants and Catholics
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Anabaptists
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Quakers, Baptists, and Congregationalists followed
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Anabaptists
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stressed the idea of a direct relationship between the individual and God
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Lollards
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English humanist who printed English translation of NT
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William Tyndale
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built Hampton's Court with Henry VIII's money
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Thomas Wolsey
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Henry VIII kicked Catholicism out of England because this pope refused to annul his marriage
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Pope Clement VII
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Clement VII refused Henry VIII's request because
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he didn't want to admit papal error
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Archbishop Cranmer engineered Henry VIII's divorce because
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he wanted to be the 2nd-highest ranking official (under Henry) in England
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The nationalization of the English church and a break with Rome as Henry VIII used Parliament to legalize the Reformation resulted from
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Henry's divorce, etc.
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transubstantiation
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bread and wine actually become body and blood
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nationalization of the English church led to
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changes in governmental administration, resulting in greater efficiency and economy
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the economy benefitted from Henry VIII's confiscation of monasteries and dissolve of Catholicism because
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he had the church's land and the nobles' money
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hated Henry VIII because he left her and killed her mom
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Mary Tudor
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made England Catholic and killed Protestants
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Mary
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England shifted closer to Protestantism under him, Henry VI's heir
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Edward VI
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established Church of England
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Henry VIII
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brought Calvinism to Scotland from Geneva
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John Knox
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became national church of Scorland
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Presbyterian church
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most of these people defiantly remained Catholic during Protestant Reformation
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Irish
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Lutheran state churches resulted from religious reformation in these 3 nations
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Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
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led the religious reformation in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
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the monarchy
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established Church of England
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Henry VIII
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brought Calvinism to Scotland from Geneva
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John Knox
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became national church of Scorland
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Presbyterian church
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most of these people defiantly remained Catholic during Protestant Reformation
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Irish
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Lutheran state churches resulted from religious reformation in these 3 nations
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Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
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sought to stimulate new Catholic religious fervor
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catholic reformation
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started as a reaction to protestantism
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counter-reformation
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took place because of financial strain, losing followers, and feeling of religious obligation
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counter-reformation
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popes resisited calls for the formation of a general council because
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it would limit their authority
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called the Council of Trent
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Pope Paul III
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failed to reconcile with the Protestants (bring them back)
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council of trent
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international politics hindered its theological debates
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council of trent
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forbade sale of indulgences and outlawed pluralism and simony (paying for position in church)
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Tridentine decrees (council of trent)
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attempts made to curb clerical immorality and to encourage education
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council of trent
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obedience the foundation of this tradition
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jesuit (society of jesus)
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with schools, political influence, and missionary work, they brought many people into catholic fold
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jesuits
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established by Pope Paul III, carried out Roman Inquisition
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Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
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created index of prohibited books
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sacred congregation of the holy office
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power to execute confined to papal territories
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sacred congregation of the holy office
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